Balajee Nanduri

Dot Net Interview Question

2020-05-14T13:07:15.867Z

Q #1) What is the .Net framework?

Answer: It is a platform for building various applications on windows. It has a list of inbuilt functionalities in the form of class, library, and APIs which are used to build, deploy and run web services and different applications. It supports different languages such as C#, VB .Net, Cobol, Perl, etc.

This framework supports the object-oriented programming model.

Q #2) What are the important components of .Net?

Answer: The components of .Net are Common language run-time, .Net Class library, Application domain, Common Type System, .Net framework, Profiling, etc. However, the two important components are the Class library and the Common Language Runtime.

CLR provides building blocks for a wide variety of applications. The class library consists of a set of classes that are used to access common functionality. The functionality can be shared among different applications.

Q #3) What is CTS?

Answer: CTS stands for Common Type System. It has a set of rules which state how a data type should be declared, defined and used in the program. It describes the data types that are to be used in the application.

We can design our own classes and values by following the rules that are present in the CTS. The rules are made so that the data type declared using a programming language can be called by an application that is developed using a different language.

Q #4) What is CLR?

Answer: CLR stands for Common Language Runtime. It is one of the most important components of the .Net framework. It provides building blocks for many applications.

An application built using C# gets compiled by its own compiler and is converted into an Intermediate language. This is then targeted to CLR. CLR does various operations like memory management, security checks, assemblies to be loaded and thread management. It provides a secure execution environment for applications.

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Q #5) What is CLS?

Answer: CLS stands for Common Language Specification. With the rules mentioned under CLS, the developers are made to use the components that are inter-language compatible. They are reusable across all the .Net Compliant languages.

Q #6) What is JIT?

Answer: JIT stands for Just In Time. JIT is a compiler that converts Intermediate Language to a Native code.

The code is converted into Native language during execution. Native code is nothing but hardware specifications that can be read by the CPU. The native code can be stored so that it is accessible for subsequent calls.

Q #7) What is MSIL?

Answer: MSIL stands for Microsoft Intermediate Language.

MSIL provides instructions for calling methods, initializing and storing values, operations such as memory handling, exception handling and so on. All .Net codes are first compiled to IL.

Q #8) What is meant by Managed and Unmanaged code?

Answer: The code that is managed by the CLR is called Managed code. This code runs inside the CLR. Hence, it is necessary to install the .Net framework in order to execute the managed code. CLR manages the memory through garbage collection and also uses the other features like CAS and CTS for efficient management of the code.

Unmanaged code is any code that does not depend on CLR for execution. It means it is developed by any other language independent of .Net framework. It uses its own runtime environment for compiling and execution.

Though it is not running inside the CLR, the unmanaged code will work properly if all the other parameters are correctly followed.

Q #9) How is a Managed code executed?

Answer: Follow these steps while executing a Managed code:

Choosing a language compiler depending on the language in which the code is written.
Converting the above code into Intermediate language by its own compiler.
The IL is then targeted to CLR which converts the code into native code with the help of JIT.
Execution of Native code.

Q #10) What is ASP.Net?

Answer: ASP .Net is a part of .Net technology and it comprises of CLR too. It is an open-source server-side technology that enables the programmers to build powerful web services, websites and web applications.

ASP stands for Active Server Pages.

Q #11) Explain State management in ASP .Net.

Answer: State Management means maintaining the state of the object. The object here refers to a web page/control.

There are two types of State management, Client Side, and Server side.

Client-Side – Storing the information in the Page or Client’s System. They are reusable, simple objects.
Server Side – Storing the information on the Server. It is easier to maintain the information on the Server rather than depending on the client for preserving the state.

Q #12) What is an Assembly? What are the different types of Assemblies?

Answer: An Assembly is a collection of logical units. Logical units refer to the types and resources which are required to build an application and deploy them using the .Net framework. The CLR uses this information for type implementations. Basically, Assembly is a collection of Exe and DLLs. It is portable and executable.

There are two types of Assemblies, Private and Shared.

Private Assembly, as the name itself suggests, it is accessible only to the application. It is installed in the installation directory of the application.
Shared Assembly can be shared by multiple applications. It is installed in the GAC.

Q #13) Explain the different parts of an Assembly.

Answer: The different parts of an Assembly includes:

Manifest – It contains the information about the version of an assembly. It is also called as assembly metadata.
Type Metadata – Binary information of the program.
MSIL – Microsoft Intermediate Language code.
Resources – List of related files.

Q #14) What is an EXE and a DLL?

Answer: Exe and DLLs are Assembly executable modules.

Exe is an executable file. This runs the application for which it is designed. An Exe is generated when we build an application. Hence, the assemblies are loaded directly when we run an Exe. However, an Exe cannot be shared with the other applications.

DLL stands for Dynamic Link Library. It is a library that consists of code that needs to be hidden. The code is encapsulated inside this library. An application can consist of many DLLs. These can be shared with the other applications as well.

Other applications which share this DLL need not worry about the code intricacies as long as it is able to call the function on this DLL.

Q #15) What is Caching?

Answer: Caching means storing data temporarily in the memory so that the application can access the data from the cache instead of looking for its original location. This increases the performance of the application and its speed. System.Runtime.Caching namespace is used for Caching information in .Net.

Given below are the 3 different types of Caching:

Page Caching
Data Caching
Fragment Caching

Q #16) What is MVC?

Answer: MVC stands for Model View Controller. It is an architectural model for building the .Net applications.

Models – Model objects store and retrieve data from the database for an application. They are usually the logical parts of an application that is implemented by the application’s data domain.

View – These are the components that display the view of the application in the form of UI. The view gets the information from the model objects for their display. They have components like buttons, drop boxes, combo box, etc.

Controllers – They handle user interactions. They are responsible for responding to the user inputs, work with the model objects, and pick a view to be rendered to the user.

Q #17) What is the difference between Function and Stored procedure?

Answer:

Stored Procedure:

A Stored Procedure is always used to perform a specific task.
It can return zero, one or more value.
It can have both input and output parameters.
Exception handling can be done using a try-catch block.
A function can be called from a Procedure.

Functions:

Functions must return a single value.
It can only have the input parameter.
Exception handling cannot be done using a try-catch block.
A Stored procedure cannot be called from a function.

Q #18) Explain CAS (Code Access Security).

Answer: .Net provides a security model that prevents unauthorized access to resources. CAS is a part of that security model. CAS is present in the CLR. It enables the users to set permissions at a granular level for the code.

CLR then executes the code depending on the available permissions. CAS can be applied only to the managed code. Unmanaged code runs without CAS. If CAS is used on assemblies, then the assembly is treated as partially trusted. Such assemblies must undergo checks every time when it tries to access a resource.

The different components of CAS are Code group, Permissions, and Evidence.

Evidence– To decide and assign permissions, the CAS and CLR depend on the specified evidence by the assembly. The examination of the assembly provides details about the different pieces of evidence. Some common evidence include Zone, URL, Site, Hash Value, Publisher and Application directory.
Code Group – Depending on the evidence, codes are put into different groups. Each group has specific conditions attached to it. Any assembly that matches those condition is put into that group.
Permissions – Each code group can perform only specific actions. They are called Permissions. When CLR loads an assembly, it matches them to one of the code groups and identifies what actions those assemblies can do. Some of the Permissions include Full Trust, Everything, Nothing, Execution, Skip Verification, and the Internet.

Q #19) What is GAC?

Answer: GAC stands for Global Assembly Cache. Whenever CLR gets installed on the machine, GAC comes as a part of it. GAC specifically stores those assemblies which will be shared by many applications. A Developer tool called Gacutil.exe is used to add any file to GAC.

Q #20) What is meant by Globalization and Localization?

Answer: Internationalization is the process of designing applications that support multiple languages. This is divided into Localization and Globalization.

Globalization is nothing but developing applications to support different languages. Existing applications can also be converted to support multiple cultures.

Whereas Localization means changing the already globalized app to cater to a specific culture or language Microsoft.Extensions.Localization is used for localizing the app content. Some of the other keywords that are used for Localization are IHtmlLocalizer, IStringLocalizer, IViewLocalizer and so on

Q #21) What is a Garbage Collector?

Answer: Garbage collection is a .Net feature to free the unused code objects in the memory.

The memory heap is divided into three generations. Generation 0, Generation 1 and Generation 2.

Generation 0 – This is used to store short-lived objects. Garbage Collection happens frequently in this Generation.
Generation 1 – This is for medium-lived objects. Usually, the objects that get moved from generation 0 are stored in this.
Generation 2 – This is for long-lived objects.

Collecting a Generation refers to collecting the objects in that generation and all its younger generations. Garbage collection of Generation 2 means full garbage collection, it collects all the objects in Generation 2 as well as Generation 1 and Generation 0.

During the Garbage collection process, as the first phase, the list of live objects is identified. In the second phase, references are updated for those objects which will be compacted. And in the last phase, the space occupied by dead objects are reclaimed. The remaining objects are moved to an older segment.

Conclusion

As we all know .Net is very vast and it is not possible to cover all the topics at a stretch.

Mostly, the interview questions will be in a specific language like C#. This article mainly concentrates only on the framework concepts of .Net. I'm sure that it would provide sufficient information and a fair knowledge of the common questions

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Explain about Logical Data Model?

2020-05-01T05:31:35.902Z

Data modeling (data modeling) is the process of creating a data model for the data to be stored in a database. This data model is a conceptual representation of Data objects, the associations between different data objects, and the rules. Data modeling helps in the visual representation of data and enforces business rules, regulatory compliances, and government policies on the data. Data Models ensure consistency in naming conventions, default values, semantics, security while ensuring the quality of the data.

Data model emphasizes on what data is needed and how it should be organized instead of what operations need to be performed on the data. Data Model is like an architect's building plan which helps to build a conceptual model and set the relationship between data items.

The two types of Data Models techniques are

Entity Relationship (E-R) Model
UML (Unified Modelling Language)

We will discuss them in detail later.

Why use Data Model?

The primary goal of using data model are:

Ensures that all data objects required by the database are accurately represented. Omission of data will lead to creation of faulty reports and produce incorrect results.
A data model helps design the database at the conceptual, physical and logical levels.
Data Model structure helps to define the relational tables, primary and foreign keys and stored procedures.
It provides a clear picture of the base data and can be used by database developers to create a physical database.
It is also helpful to identify missing and redundant data.
Though the initial creation of data model is labor and time consuming, in the long run, it makes your IT infrastructure upgrade and maintenance cheaper and faster.

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Types of Data Models

There are mainly three different types of data models:

Conceptual: This Data Model defines WHAT the system contains. This model is typically created by Business stakeholders and Data Architects. The purpose is to organize, scope and define business concepts and rules.
Logical: Defines HOW the system should be implemented regardless of the DBMS. This model is typically created by Data Architects and Business Analysts. The purpose is to developed technical map of rules and data structures.
Physical: This Data Model describes HOW the system will be implemented using a specific DBMS system. This model is typically created by DBA and developers. The purpose is actual implementation of the database.

Conceptual Model

The main aim of this model is to establish the entities, their attributes, and their relationships. In this Data modeling level, there is hardly any detail available of the actual Database structure.

The 3 basic tenants of Data Model are

Entity: A real-world thing

Attribute: Characteristics or properties of an entity

Relationship: Dependency or association between two entities

For example:

Customer and Product are two entities. Customer number and name are attributes of the Customer entity
Product name and price are attributes of product entity
Sale is the relationship between the customer and product

Characteristics of a conceptual data model

Offers Organisation-wide coverage of the business concepts.
This type of Data Models are designed and developed for a business audience.
The conceptual model is developed independently of hardware specifications like data storage capacity, location or software specifications like DBMS vendor and technology. The focus is to represent data as a user will see it in the "real world."

Conceptual data models known as Domain models create a common vocabulary for all stakeholders by establishing basic concepts and scope.

Logical Data Model

Logical data models add further information to the conceptual model elements. It defines the structure of the data elements and set the relationships between them.

The advantage of the Logical data model is to provide a foundation to form the base for the Physical model. However, the modeling structure remains generic.

At this Data Modeling level, no primary or secondary key is defined. At this Data modeling level, you need to verify and adjust the connector details that were set earlier for relationships.

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Characteristics of a Logical data model

Describes data needs for a single project but could integrate with other logical data models based on the scope of the project.
Designed and developed independently from the DBMS.
Data attributes will have datatypes with exact precisions and length.
Normalization processes to the model is applied typically till 3NF.

Physical Data Model

A Physical Data Model describes the database specific implementation of the data model. It offers an abstraction of the database and helps generate schema. This is because of the richness of meta-data offered by a Physical Data Model.

This type of Data model also helps to visualize database structure. It helps to model database columns keys, constraints, indexes, triggers, and other RDBMS features.

Characteristics of a physical data model:

The physical data model describes data need for a single project or application though it maybe integrated with other physical data models based on project scope.
Data Model contains relationships between tables that which addresses cardinality and nullability of the relationships.
Developed for a specific version of a DBMS, location, data storage or technology to be used in the project.
Columns should have exact datatypes, lengths assigned and default values.
Primary and Foreign keys, views, indexes, access profiles, and authorizations, etc. are defined.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Model:

Advantages of Data model:

The main goal of a designing data model is to make certain that data objects offered by the functional team are represented accurately.
The data model should be detailed enough to be used for building the physical database.
The information in the data model can be used for defining the relationship between tables, primary and foreign keys, and stored procedures.
Data Model helps business to communicate the within and across organizations.
Data model helps to documents data mappings in ETL process
Help to recognize correct sources of data to populate the model

Disadvantages of Data model:

To develop Data model one should know physical data stored characteristics.
This is a navigational system produces complex application development, management. Thus, it requires a knowledge of the biographical truth.
Even smaller change made in structure require modification in the entire application.
There is no set data manipulation language in DBMS.

Conclusion

Data modeling is the process of developing data model for the data to be stored in a Database.
Data Models ensure consistency in naming conventions, default values, semantics, security while ensuring quality of the data.
Data Model structure helps to define the relational tables, primary and foreign keys and stored procedures.
There are three types of conceptual, logical, and physical.
The main aim of conceptual model is to establish the entities, their attributes, and their relationships.
Logical data model defines the structure of the data elements and set the relationships between them.
A Physical Data Model describes the database specific implementation of the data model.
The main goal of a designing data model is to make certain that data objects offered by the functional team are represented accurately.
The biggest drawback is that even smaller change made in structure require modification in the entire application.

What are the Fundamentals of Business Analyst?

2020-04-29T14:11:00.396Z

This tutorial gives you an overview and talks about the fundamentals of Business Analyst.

Problems with requirements can cause projects to fail. In most cases those problems are caused by poor or incorrectly conducted Business Analysis (especially Requirements Engineering, a part of the Business Analysis knowledge area).

The above issues may result in problems later, during scope definition, planning, implementation and testing. Unclear requirements, or low quality business design of the solution, can lead to confusion and questions regarding the intended software product or process solution. If no actions are taken to correct this state, the risk of the projects failure increases.

A Business Analyst (BA) is a person responsible for identifying the business needs of the customer (external or internal) and other stakeholders and for determining solutions to business problems [BABOK]. Specific activities of the Business Analyst include identifying, analyzing, developing and managing the requirements.

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The business analyst training elaborates on the common objectives of business analysis i.e, Collect and document the requirements (business level), Design business solutions to resolve the business problems, Assist in the timely completion of the project by providing accurate requirements identification and analysis, Improve efficiency by increasing the quality of requirements identification and analysis and therefore reducing the need for rework and fixes in the later stages of the project.

Different projects or approaches (to management or product development) may require producing requirements in a specific format and with different levels of detail. The level of detail, and requirements format, may also be determined by the business area and any external regulatory requirements.

The Business Analyst online training program focusses over the core concepts of business analysis. Business Analyst Role, Business Analyst and Systems Analyst, Requirement. This was just an overview, we have compiled many more articles to get you acquainted with Business Analyst training. We have covered them in-depth in our Business Analyst online training.

What Is A Business Analyst And How Much Do They Make?

2020-04-21T06:28:54.661Z

Over the last few years, the generic job title of business analyst has become popular in multiple industries. Although job duties can vary immensely, in the most general terms, business analysts work within a business or organization to identify and implement improvements to help a business achieve its goals. The title of business analyst can describe both entry-level workers and tenured professionals and compensation varies accordingly. This article discusses the work, compensation, and outlook for business analysts.

A business analyst is in charge of understanding a business’s changing needs and providing technological solutions to improve its processes and systems. Thus, a business analyst is often thought of as the link between the business and IT departments.

This guide provides the steps necessary to becoming a business analyst, detailed job information, as well as the job prospects and average salary projections.

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The three steps to launching a business analyst career

Step 1: Get an undergraduate degree in business administration, finance, or accounting

Beyond your bachelor’s degree in business, you’ll want to learn some computer programming. Different business analyst roles require different levels of technical proficiency, but the more computer skills you have, the better you’ll look as a candidate. The Business Analysis Body of Knowledge (BABOK) reference book is a key resource to begin understanding the tasks and techniques of a business analyst.

Step 2: Gain work experience

You can gain experience in a volunteer role with a small company first, or take advantage of summer internship opportunities. If you are already working with a company in a different role, offer to work on the kind of projects that business analysts undertake. There are many transferable skills to working as a business analyst, and the role of a business analyst is wide-ranging. Individuals can enter the field either with knowledge of a specific business domain, such as workflow, billing, or customer relations, or with knowledge in an industry, such as finance, telecommunications, or government. Once you are hired as an entry-level business analyst, make sure to gain experience across many different types of projects; later, you can specialize in the domain or industry you are particularly interested in.

Step 3: Earn a Master’s degree or obtain an advanced certificate

Many universities offer master’s degrees and graduate certificates in business analytics, which generally include courses in business data analytics, operations research, project management, database analytics, and predictive analytics. For those with advanced knowledge of business analytics, the International Institute of Business Analysis offers a professional certificate called the Certified Business Analysis Professional.

What is a Business Analyst?

Business analysts work within an organization to evaluate current systems and develop strategic plans. This requires deep knowledge of both the specific business and industry trends and conventions. A key aspect of the business analyst role is communicating plans between internal departments and external stakeholders.

The role of the business analyst is to introduce change in an organization. Change might include avoidance of costs, identifying new opportunities, realizing and creating new benefits, and so on.

Business analysts develop or update computer systems to solve business needs. The business analyst provides requirements to the IT department to produce this new technological system, and supports the testing and implementation of the system.

What does a Business Analyst do?

A business analyst scrutinizes sets of data looking for ways to increase efficiency in an organization. In this way, the business analyst often acts as a liaison between different departments in a company, finding ways to streamline processes throughout the organization. The business analyst must be able to communicate well with these different groups in the organization, sometimes acting as a diplomat, and presenting solutions in ways that colleagues and stakeholders will understand.

Business analysts engage in 4 main types of analysis:

Strategic planning—identifying changing needs of a company
Business model analysis—defining policies and market approaches
Process design—standardizing workflows
Systems analysis—interpretation of requirements for the IT department

Business Analysts might deliver many different types of solutions, including new business plans, data models, flowcharts, or strategic plans.

Business Analyst job description

Though there are many different aspects to the job, business analysts generally follow a pattern of research-gathering, presenting solutions, and then implementing these solutions in the form of new or adapted technology. In this process, a business analyst will be required to:

Communicate with colleagues to understand the needs of the business
Work with stakeholders to understand the service or product provided
Conduct surveys, workshops, and tests
Analyze and model data to produce conclusions
Create suggestions and solutions for strategic and operational changes
Consider opportunities and risks of these suggestions
Invent systems or processes necessary to implement these changes, or alter existing ones
Communicate with senior management about introducing recommendations to the business
Write reports to present to stakeholders
Support staff as solutions are implemented
Evaluate impact of changes made

Skills needed to become a Business Analyst

Business analysts need to have a combination of hard and soft skills. These include:

Business analysts salary

According to Payscale.com, “a Business Analyst earns an average salary of $58,805 per year.” Business analysts can expect salary increases for the first 5-10 years, but additional experience does not have a large effect on salary. The majority of business analysts work in the position for just 1-4 years, and almost all move on to more advanced positions within 20 years. Promotions include positions such as project manager or senior business analyst.

Business analyst job outlook

Historically, companies began to convert paper-based processes into automated, electronic processes in the 1970s and 1980s with the advent of computers. Business analysts entered the scene in the 1980s and 1990s to pair new technology with business acumen. However, technology is continuing to change this role. Recent advances in big data mean that many projects that used to require a business analyst’s insights are no longer necessary. Instead, data scientists are able to mine big data to understand customer behavior and identify system inefficiencies, for example.

Thus, business analysts must continue to modify their roles and stay abreast of technological advances to stay relevant. Many business analysts have merged into data scientists themselves, and/or are finding ways to combine big data analysis with the kind of critical thinking only able to be done by a human—for now.

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Top 10 Features in ASP.NET 4.5

2020-04-18T05:57:59.729Z

Leverage the new features in ASP.NET 4.0 to build scalable, robust, high-performance web applications

Microsoft's ASP.NET, one of the most successful web application development frameworks ever, is fast becoming mature – the newest version of it is ASP.NET 4.5. You can use ASP.NET to fast develop and deploy highly scalable, high-performance web applications in a managed environment. ASP.NET 4.5 ships as part of part of Visual Studio 2012 and contains many new and extended features. In this article we will discuss the top 10 best features in ASP.NET 4.5 for developers.

Pre-requisites

Note that ASP.NET 4.5 ships with Visual Studio 2012. To work with ASP.NET 4.5, you need to download and install Visual Studio 2012 in your system.

The Top 10 features

This section lists the 10 top features in ASP.NET 4.5.

1 - Bundling and Minification Feature

The newly introduced bundling and minification feature helps to bundle and minimize the size of the scripts and style sheets in your application. This feature has a great impact on the performance of your web application as a whole. You now have a System.Web.Optimization namespace that provides support for bundling and minification of files. Once you create a new project in ASP.NET 4.5, you'll notice these lines in your Global.asax file:

protected void Application_Start()
{
 //Some code
 BundleTable.Bundles.RegisterTemplateBundles();
}

2 - Strongly Typed Data Controls

In ASP.NET 4.5, you now have data controls that can be strongly typed. You will get intellisense - you just need to assign the ItemType property to a model that is going to be associated with the data controls used in your .aspx pages. Here is a snippet of code that illustrates how you can use this:

<asp:TemplateField HeaderText="Name" >
    <ItemTemplate>
          <%# Item.Name.ToString() %>
    </ItemTemplate>
</asp:TemplateField>

The following is a complete markup code of a GridView control that uses strong typing:

<asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server" AutoGenerateColumns="false"
            ModelType="Payroll">
        <Columns>
            <asp:TemplateField HeaderText="FirstName">
                <ItemTemplate>
                    <asp:Label ID="lblFirstName" runat="server" Text='<%# Item.FirstName %>'></asp:Label>
                </ItemTemplate>
            </asp:TemplateField>
            <asp:TemplateField HeaderText="LastName">
                <ItemTemplate>
                    <asp:Label ID="lblLastName" runat="server" Text='<%# Item.LastName %>'></asp:Label>
                </ItemTemplate>
            </asp:TemplateField>
        </Columns>
</asp:GridView>

3 - Model Binding - Isolating the Web Form from the Model

The Model binding feature in ASP.NET 4.5 enables you to develop Webforms that are independent of the Model that populates the view. The biggest advantage of using Model Binding in ASP.NET is that you can easily unit test the methods. In ASP.NET 4.5 support for model binding is provided through the usage of the ‘System.Web.ModelBinding’ namespace. This namespace contains value provider classes like ControlAttribute, QueryStringAttribute, etc. All these classes are inherited from the ValueProviderSourceAttribute class.

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4 - Value Providers

ASP.NET4.5 provides many Value Providers that can be used to filter data. These are:

Querystring
Session
Cookie
Control Value

You can also have your own custom value providers.

5 - Support for OpenID in OAuth Logins

ASP.NET 4.5 provides support for OpenID for OAuth logins - you can easily use external services to login to your application. Like ASP.NET MVC 4, ASP.NET 4.5 enables you to register OAuth provider in the App_Start/AuthConfig.cs file. We can also use this data dictionary to pass additional data.

6 - Support for improved paging in ASP.NET 4.5 GridView control

Paging support in ASP.NET 4.5 GridView control has been improved a lot. ASP.NET 4.5 GridView.AllowCustomPaging property provides great support for paging and sorting through large amounts of data efficiently.

7 - Enhanced support for asynchronous programming

ASP.NET 4.5 provides excellent support in asynchronous programming - you can now read and write HTTP requests and responses without the need of OS threads. Also, you have support for two new keywords - await and async.

8 - Support for web sockets

HTML5 WebSockets allow you to perform duplex communication between the client browser and the web server. ASP.NET 4.5 provides support for web socket protocols. ASP.NET 4.5 and IIS 8 provide support for WebSocket protocol - you can now leverage WebSockets in your ASP.NET web applications.

Support for web sockets is provided through the System.Net.WebSockets namespace.

9 - Support for HTML5 form types

ASP.NET 4.5 provides excellent support for HTML5 form types. The following are the list of new controls available in HTML5:

email
url
number
range
Date pickers i.e., date, month, week, time, datetime, datetime-local
search
color

10 - ASP.NET Web API

This is included in ASP.NET MVC 4 and ASP.NET Web Forms. This new ASP.NET Web API helps you to build and consume HTTP services easily.

How to create Azure DevOps Test plans?

2020-04-16T11:58:34.549Z

Create test plans and test suites to track manual testing for sprints or milestones. That way, you can see when the testing for a specific sprint or milestone is complete. For more information about manual testing,

What are test plans, test suites, and test cases?

Azure Test Plans or the Test hub in Azure DevOps Server provides three main types of test management artifacts: test plans, test suites, and test cases. These elements are stored in your work repository as special types of work items. You can export and share them with your team, and benefit from close integration for all of your DevOps tasks.

What are test plans, test suites, and test cases?

Azure Test Plans or the Test hub in Azure DevOps Server (see Web portal navigation) provides three main types of test management artifacts: test plans, test suites, and test cases. These elements are stored in your work repository as special types of work items. You can export and share them with your team, and benefit from close integration for all of your DevOps tasks.

After you create your test plan, you assign test configurations and assign testers to cover the required test matrix. These testers run the tests and gauge the quality of the product. Testers continue testing until the product meets exit criteria. For the next development cycle and release, you can create a new test plan and reuse the same test cases. You repeat this development-test-release cycle by importing the same test cases into each new test plan.

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The great thing is that, because test plans refer to test cases, updates to a test case automatically reflect in all the test plans and test suites that use it.

Create a project

Login dev.azure.com as azure account.
Click “Start Free”.
Your resource is shown, so create a project.

New Test Plan

Fill all items.

Create test cases

Add test suites and tests
You can use following features when creates test case
* Add tag : It is can be queried by this tag.
* Add Priority : 1(High important) — 4(Low important)
* Add Attachments
* Add link (relate to another test case, bug, build etc…)

Query-Based suite / Requirement-Based suite
You can put existing test cases into one suite by above 2 ways.

Run test

Select the test suite and click “show tests from child suites”
Select “Assign testers to run all tests” from menu of the test suite.
Assign tester. Multiple testers can be set.
Click Run test from menu of the test suite.(If you select “Run with option”, you can associate the test to build.)
Test runner opens. Let’s test it fun!
Save and close the test runner when you finish the test. It can also be interrupted and restarted. (Pause test > Resume test)

Confirm results

You can check the latest result from test plan > charts. Add charts as you like.

You can also check past output from “Runs”.

You can also confirm the past runs.

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What is LINQ?

2020-04-13T06:24:36.877Z

LINQ (Language Integrated Query) is uniform query syntax in C# and VB.NET to retrieve data from different sources and formats. It is integrated in C# or VB, thereby eliminating the mismatch between programming languages and databases, as well as providing a single querying interface for different types of data sources.

For example, SQL is a Structured Query Language used to save and retrieve data from a database. In the same way, LINQ is a structured query syntax built in C# and VB.NET to retrieve data from different types of data sources such as collections, ADO.Net DataSet, XML Docs, web service and MS SQL Server and other databases.

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LINQ queries return results as objects. It enables you to uses object-oriented approach on the result set and not to worry about transforming different formats of results into objects.

The following example demonstrates a simple LINQ query that gets all strings from an array which contains 'a'.

Example: LINQ Query to Array

// Data source
string[] names = {"Bill", "Steve", "James", "Mohan" };

// LINQ Query 
var myLinqQuery = from name in names
                where name.Contains('a')
                select name;
    
// Query execution
foreach(var name in myLinqQuery)
    Console.Write(name + " ");

In the above example, string array names is a data source. The following is a LINQ query which is assigned to a variable myLinqQuery.

from name in names
where name.Contains('a')
select name;

The above query uses the query syntax of LINQ.

You will not get the result of a LINQ query until you execute it. LINQ query can be executed in multiple ways, here we used foreach loop to execute our query stored in myLinqQuery. The foreach loop executes the query on the data source and get the result and then iterates over the result set.

Thus, every LINQ query must query to some kind of data sources whether it can be array, collections, XML or other databases. After writing LINQ query, it must be executed to get the result.

What is NuGet?

2020-04-10T14:41:04.703Z

An essential tool for any modern development platform is a mechanism through which developers can create, share, and consume useful code. Often such code is bundled into "packages" that contain compiled code (as DLLs) along with other content needed in the projects that consume these packages.

For .NET (including .NET Core), the Microsoft-supported mechanism for sharing code is NuGet, which defines how packages for .NET are created, hosted, and consumed, and provides the tools for each of those roles.

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Put simply, a NuGet package is a single ZIP file with the .nupkg extension that contains compiled code (DLLs), other files related to that code, and a descriptive manifest that includes information like the package's version number. Developers with code to share create packages and publish them to a public or private host. Package consumers obtain those packages from suitable hosts, add them to their projects, and then call a package's functionality in their project code. NuGet itself then handles all of the intermediate details.

Because NuGet supports private hosts alongside the public nuget.org host, you can use NuGet packages to share code that's exclusive to an organization or a work group. You can also use NuGet packages as a convenient way to factor your own code for use in nothing but your own projects. In short, a NuGet package is a shareable unit of code, but does not require nor imply any particular means of sharing.

The flow of packages between creators, hosts, and consumers

In its role as a public host, NuGet itself maintains the central repository of over 100,000 unique packages at nuget.org. These packages are employed by millions of .NET/.NET Core developers every day. NuGet also enables you to host packages privately in the cloud (such as on Azure DevOps), on a private network, or even on just your local file system. By doing so, those packages are available to only those developers that have access to the host, giving you the ability to make packages available to a specific group of consumers. The options are explained on Hosting your own NuGet feeds. Through configuration options, you can also control exactly which hosts can be accessed by any given computer, thereby ensuring that packages are obtained from specific sources rather than a public repository like nuget.org.

Whatever its nature, a host serves as the point of connection between package creators and package consumers. Creators build useful NuGet packages and publish them to a host. Consumers then search for useful and compatible packages on accessible hosts, downloading and including those packages in their projects. Once installed in a project, the packages' APIs are available to the rest of the project code.

Package targeting compatibility

A "compatible" package means that it contains assemblies built for at least one target .NET framework that's compatible with the consuming project's target framework. Developers can create packages that are specific to one framework, as with UWP controls, or they can support a wider range of targets. To maximize a package's compatibility, developers target .NET Standard, which all .NET and .NET Core projects can consume. This is the most efficient means for both creators and consumers, as a single package (usually containing a single assembly) works for all consuming projects.

Package developers who require APIs outside of .NET Standard, on the other hand, create separate assemblies for the different target frameworks they want to support and include all of those assemblies in the same package (which is called "multi-targeting"). When a consumer installs such a package, NuGet extracts only those assemblies that are needed by the project. This minimizes the package's footprint in the final application and/or assemblies produced by that project. A multi-targeting package is, of course, more difficult for its creator to maintain.

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10 THINGS TO KNOW ABOUT THE .NET FRAMEWORK

2020-04-09T14:34:51.336Z

Here are 10 things to know about the language you should know on .Net framework

1. I HEARD THAT .NET WAS ONLY FOR WINDOWS OR PC USERS. IS THAT TRUE?

Not anymore! Thanks to .NET Core, a set of tools consisting of the runtime, library and compiler components, you can create apps that run on Windows, Mac OS X and Linux. .NET Core runtime, libraries, and compiler are all open source on GitHub and are taking contributions.

2. WHERE DOES .NET FIT IN THE OPEN SOURCE WORLD?

Several parts of .NET were made available under open source licenses, meaning any developer can contribute to it. For example, the C# compiler Roslyn was made open source by Microsoft under the Apache License. The source code of Roslyn can be downloaded from gitHub, and guidelines on how to participate and contribute were made available.

3. WHAT IS .NET ANYWAY?

.NET (pronounced dot net) is a framework that provides a programming guidelines that can be used to develop a wide range of applications–––from web to mobile to Windows-based applications. The .NET framework can work with several programming languages such as C#, VB.NET, C++ and F#. At Grand Circus, we use C#.

4. WHERE DOES C# FIT IN ALL OF THIS?

C# (pronounced “see-sharp”) is the actual coding language that we write inside of the .NET framework. C# is an object-oriented programming language, meaning it can increase productivity in the development process. C# boasts type-safety, garbage collection, simplified type declarations, versioning and scalability support, and other features that make developing solutions faster and easier.

5. WHAT IS VISUAL STUDIO, AND HOW DOES IT FIT INTO ALL OF THIS?

Visual Studio is a very powerful Integrated Development Environment (IDE) where you actually write your C# or .NET programs. It’s popular because it supports code editing, interface design, server management, debugging, and performance analysis. You can download Visual Studio for free.

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6. HOW BIG IS THE IS THE .NET LIBRARY?

.NET has a huge collection of predefined class libraries (pre-written code) that has support for simple and complex data structures. Essentially, that means you can rely on the work of hundreds of other developers and pull in already-written code into your own programs. .NET even has specific libraries for security, encryption, and database access.

7. I SEE WE’LL COVER WEB COMPONENTS. WILL I BE A FULL-STACK DEVELOPER AFTER THIS BOOTCAMP?

Although the .NET web development bootcamp is covering some front-end topics such as Javascript, CSS and HTML, it is focused on the server-end and will not provide the in-depth knowledge needed for front-side development. It will, however, be a great foundation to continue to grow in front-end development.

8. ASP.NET – A TOOL FOR THE WEB

ASP.NET is the main tool in the .NET framework for building web pages and websites with HTML, CSS, JavaScript and server scripting. You can use any of the .NET languages to write ASP.NET web applications.

9. THERE ARE A LOT OF WAYS TO DESCRIBE .NET DEVELOPERS

Here’s just a sample of potential jobs you’d apply to after our bootcamp:

.NET Software Developer / Intern
.NET Software Engineer / Intern
.NET Web Developer / Intern
.NET Engineer / Intern

10. .NET IS USED BY A LOT OF COMPANIES

All sorts of companies use .NET including Dell, Accenture, TCS, HCL, Epic Systems. Many major Detroit-area companies use .NET as well, including TitleSource and Quicken Loans.

Whew. That was a lot of information! Ready to take the next step in your journey to becoming a .NET Developer?

Who is a Business Analyst?

2020-04-08T11:15:44.610Z

Business Analysis is the task of understanding business change needs, assessing the business impact of those changes, capturing, analysing and documenting requirements and supporting the communication and delivery of requirements with relevant stakeholders."

If you had a plot of land and wanted to build a house, we hope that you would first engage the services of an architect. The architect would ask you questions – what is your budget, what style of house, how many bedrooms, how much parking or garage space you need, etc. The architect would then draw up plans which they would agree with you before approaching builders to understand the cost of building the house. Once the build was underway the architect would monitor the build to make sure the house was built according to your needs. Occasionally problems might arise requiring the plans to be revised, or, you might want to make some modifications to the plans which would need to be agreed with the builder.

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Being a business analyst is a bit like being an architect but instead of building a house, we are developing or updating a computer system. A business analyst takes responsibility for talking to the business users of the computer system to understand their needs. Instead of producing plans, the business analyst produces 'requirements' which clearly state the business needs and align with business processes. The requirements are then used by the IT team or an external supplier to build or modify the system. While the system is being built the business analyst is on hand to deal with issues and questions, and to support the business in implementing the required changes to make effective use of the new system.

The business analyst role is often seen as a communication bridge between IT and the business stakeholders. Business analysts must be great verbal and written communicators, tactful diplomats, problem solvers, thinkers and analysers - with the ability to engage with stakeholders to understand and respond to their needs in rapidly changing business environments. This can often involve dealing with very senior stakeholders and can often involve challenging and questioning to ensure that value for money is achieved from IT developments.

A business analyst does not need to have an IT background although it can help to have some basic understanding of how IT systems work. Some business analysts come from a technical or programming background but they will often come from within the business itself - having a detailed knowledge of the business domain can be equally useful (if not more so!)

Requiring straightforward automation of repetitive administrative tasks and conversion from

paper to electronic data storage, IT projects of the 1970s and 1980s reaped significant financial rewards. "Systems Analysts" took responsibility for documenting existing manual paper-based processes, identifying problems and new business requirements, and automating the processes through computerised systems. This provided significant cost savings as well as improvements to business performance through access to electronic information in fractions of a second.

Bit History

Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s, organisations evolved their IT systems to take further advantage of computer technology - but many projects failed to deliver the desired benefits often because of a focus on delivering 'technology' at the expense of business needs. During this period, the role of the "Business Analyst" emerged requiring a deeper understanding of the business and the development of relationships with stakeholders at all levels. As business stakeholders became increasingly IT aware, the business analyst role evolved to support them in achieving their goals while constantly balancing conflicts between business needs and limited IT resources.

Through the new millennium, increasing use of the internet placed even greater demands on IT departments which were increasingly outsourced or off-shored. Organisations themselves became increasingly globalised and more complex as did their IT infrastructures, often containing hundreds (even thousands) of different systems. Agile emerged as a more flexible way of developing and updating IT systems in rapidly changing business environments. During this period, 'Business Analyst' became a catch-all job title for many project and business change roles. Different views emerged of the business analyst role, from being a strategic thinker driving change within the organisation, through acting as a process improvement expert and being responsible for eliciting and documenting requirements for IT systems.