Xozirgi tugallangan davomiy zamon

1️⃣G’alati eshitilishi mumkin ammo bu zamonni o’ziga xosligi shundaki bu zamonda biz biron bir ish harakati o’tgan zamonda boshlanib xozirgacha davom etayotganini aytamiz. Odatda bu zamondagi gaplar "Qanchadan beri?" degan savolga javob beradi!

✅ I have been reading Rich dad Poor dad for a week.

✅ Boy ota Kambag’al otani bir haftadan beri o’qiyapman.

Bu gapda Present perfect continuous zamonidan foydalandik va men bu kitob (boy ota kambag’al ota)ni o’qishni o’tgan zamonda ya’ni bir hafta avval boshlaganimni va xali o’qishni tugatmaganimni tushunishimiz mumkin.

2️⃣Present perfect continuousni vaqtinchalik sodir bo’ladigan ish harakatlarni aytkanda ishlatamiz. Recently va lately bu Present perfect continuous zamonida biz odatda fe’llar bilan ishlatadigan so’zlardir.

✅Doctors have been fighting against coronavirus recently.

✅Shifokorlar yaqindan beri koronavirusga qarshi kurashib kelishyapti. (Ular shunday qilishda davom etishadi)

✅I haven’t been feeling well lately.

✅So’ngi paytlarda o’zimni yaxshi xis qilmayapman.(xozir xam men kasalman)

✅Usually I study at home, but I've been studying in the library for the last week.

✅Odatda men uyda o’qiyman, lekin o’tkan haftadan beri kutubxonada o’qiyapman.

Albatta hamma fe’llarni xam davomiy ( continuous )zamonida ishlatib bo’lmaydi, bularga misol to be, to arrive, to own.

❌I have been owning my Damas since 2007.

✅I have owned my Damas since 2007. (present perfect tense)

❌Xasanboy has been being late for work recently.

✅Xasanboy has been late for work recently. (present perfect tense)

Ko’rib turganingizdek bu fe’llar bilan biz present perfect zamonida gap tuzib qo’yaqolamiz.

3️⃣Tugallangan ish harakatlar:

Yaqinda to'xtatilgan ish harakatlar (garchi butun harakatlar tugallanmasa ham) va hozirgi paytda biz ko'pincha ko'rishimiz, eshitishimiz yoki his qilishimiz mumkin bo'lgan natijalar. Bu yerda biz vaqt so'zidan foydalanmaymiz(recently,lately,for).

✅Men yugurdim, shuning uchun men juda issiqman.

✅I have been running, so i am really hot.

✅It has been raining, so the pavement is wet.

✅Yomg'ir yog'di, shuning uchun yo'l ho'l.

4️⃣Present perfect juda o'xshash o'xshashlikka ega, unda harakat natijadiga natijasiga qaratiladi, present perfect continuousda esa e’tibor harakatning o'ziga (qanchadan beriligiga) qaratiladi.

✅They've been waiting for hours! (Bu yerda vaqt uzunligiga e’tibor qaratilyapti).

✅Ular soatlardan beri kutishyapti.

✅They've waited for hours. (Bu yerda vaqt uzunligiga e’tibor qaratilmayapti).

✅Ular soatlab kutishdi.

5️⃣Bu ikki zamonni yana bir farqi shundaki, present perfectda how much va how many (qancha) savoliga javob beradigan gap tuzish mumkin, ammo present perfect continuousda buni iloji yo’q:

✅ She's drunk three cups of coffee this morning.

✅She's drunk at least a litre of coffee today.

❌(NOT: she's been drinking three cups of coffee this morning).

Endi Present perfect continuous zamonida gap tuzish uchun ishlatadigan formulani quyidagi rasmdan o’rganamiz!

E’tiboringiz uchun rahmat.

Savollar uchun: @crazy_englishhh

What Are Adjectives?

Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns: enormous, doglike, silly, yellow, fun, fast. They can also describe the quantity of nouns: many, few, millions, eleven.

Adjectives Modify Nouns

Most students learn that adjectives are words that modify (describe) nouns. Adjectives do not modify verbs or adverbs or other adjectives.

🎈Saida wore a beautiful hat to the new-year party.

🎈Furry dogs may overheat in the summertime.

🎈My cake should have sixteen candles.

🎈The scariest movie of all time is ОНО.

In the sentences above, the adjectives are easy to spot because they come immediately before the nouns they modify.

But adjectives can do more than just modify nouns. They can also act as a complement to linking verbs or the verb to be. A linking verb is a verb like to feel, to seem, or to taste that describes a state of being or a sensory experience.

🎈That cow sure is happy.

🎈It smells gross in the locker room.

🎈Driving is faster than walking.

The technical term for an adjective used this way is predicate adjective.

Uses of Adjectives

Adjectives tell the reader how much—or how many—of something you’re talking about, which thing you want passed to you, or which kind of something you want.

🎈Please use three white flowers in the arrangement.

Three and white are modifying flowers.

Often, when adjectives are used together, you should separate them with a comma or conjunction. See “Coordinate Adjectives” below for more detail.

🎈I’m looking for a small, good-tempered dog to keep as a pet.

🎈My new dog is small and good-tempered.

Degrees of Comparison

Adjectives come in three forms: absolute, comparative, and superlative. Absolute adjectives describe something in its own right.

🎈A cool guy

🎈A messy desk

🎈A mischievous cat

🎈Garrulous squirrels

Comparative adjectives, unsurprisingly, make a comparison between two or more things. For most one-syllable adjectives, the comparative is formed by adding the suffix -er (or just -r if the adjective already ends with an e). For two-syllable adjectives ending in -y, replace -y with -ier. For multi-syllable adjectives, add the word more.

🎈A cooler guy

🎈A messier desk

🎈A more mischievous cat

🎈More garrulous squirrels

Superlative adjectives indicate that something has the highest degree of the quality in question. One-syllable adjectives become superlatives by adding the suffix -est (or just -st for adjectives that already end in e). Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y replace -y with -iest. Multi-syllable adjectives add the word most. When you use an article with a superlative adjective, it will almost always be the definite article (the) rather than a or an. Using a superlative inherently indicates that you are talking about a specific item or items.

🎈The coolest guy

🎈The messiest desk

🎈The most mischievous cat

🎈The most garrulous squirrels

Coordinate Adjectives

Coordinate adjectives should be separated by a comma or the word and. Adjectives are said to be coordinate if they modify the same noun in a sentence.

🎈This is going to be a long, cold winter.

🎈Jakhongir ’s dedicated and tireless efforts made all the difference.

But just the fact that two adjectives appear next to each other doesn’t automatically mean they are coordinate. Sometimes, an adjective and a noun form a single semantic unit, which is then modified by another adjective. In this case, the adjectives are not coordinate and should not be separated by a comma.

🎈My cat, Alisa, loves sleeping on this tattered woolen sweater.

🎈No one could open the old silver locket.

In some cases, it’s pretty hard to decide whether two adjectives are coordinate or not. But there are a couple of ways you can test them. Try inserting the word and between the adjectives to see if the phrase still seems natural. In the first sentence, “this tattered and woolen sweater” doesn’t sound right because you really aren’t talking about a sweater that is both tattered and woolen. It’s a woolen sweater that is tattered. Woolen sweater forms a unit of meaning that is modified by tattered.

Another way to test for coordinate adjectives is to try switching the order of the adjectives and seeing if the phrase still works. In the second sentence, you wouldn’t say “No one could open the silver old locket.” You can’t reverse the order of the adjectives because silver locket is a unit that is modified by old.

Adjectives vs. Adverbs

As mentioned above, many of us learned in school that adjectives modify nouns and that adverbs modify verbs. But as we’ve seen, adjectives can also act as complements for linking verbs. This leads to a common type of error: incorrectly substituting an adverb in place of a predicate adjective. An example you’ve probably heard before is:

Incorrect
I feel badly about what happened.❌

Because “feel” is a verb, it seems to call for an adverb rather than an adjective. But “feel” isn’t just any verb; it’s a linking verb. An adverb would describe how you perform the action of feeling—an adjective describes what you feel. “I feel badly” means that you are bad at feeling things. If you’re trying to read Braille through thick leather gloves, then it might make sense for you to say “I feel badly.” But if you’re trying to say that you are experiencing negative emotions, “I feel bad” is the phrase you want.

It’s easier to see this distinction with a different linking verb. Consider the difference between these two sentences:

🎈Alisa smells badly.

🎈Alisa smells bad.

“ Alisa smells badly” means that Alisa, the poor thing, has a weak sense of smell. “ Alisa smells bad” means Alisa stinks—poor us.

When Nouns Become Adjectives and Adjectives Become Nouns

One more thing you should know about adjectives is that, sometimes, a word that is normally used as a noun can function as an adjective, depending on its placement. For example:

🎈Never try to pet someone’s guide dog without asking permission first.

Guide is a noun. But in this sentence, it modifies dog. It works the other way, too. Some words that are normally adjectives can function as nouns:

Alisher is working on a fundraiser to help the homeless.

In the context of this sentence, homeless is functioning as a noun. It can be hard to wrap your head around this if you think of adjectives and nouns only as particular classes of words. But the terms “adjective” and “noun” aren’t just about a word’s form—they’re also about its function.

We’ll end with a few words about adjectives and style. It’s one thing to know how to use an adjective; it’s another to know when using one is a good idea. Good writing is precise and concise. Sometimes, you need an adjective to convey exactly what you mean. It’s hard to describe a red sports car without the word “red.” But, often, choosing the right noun eliminates the need to tack on an adjective. Is it a big house, or is it a mansion? A large crowd, or a throng? A mixed-breed dog, or a mutt? A dark night, or just . . . night? Always remember to make every word count in your writing. If you need an adjective, use it. But if it’s not pulling its weight, delete it. Careful editing is the best way to avoid the dreaded (and yecchy) adjective soup.

▪️ Positive form:
🔸I work.
🔸He/she/it works.
🔸We/you/they work.

▪️ Negative form:
🔸I do not work.
🔸He/she/it does not work.
🔸We/you/they do not work.

▪️ Question form:
🔸Do I work?
🔸Does he/she/it work?
🔸Do we/you/they work?

💡 Eslatma: Hozirgi oddiy zamon fe’lining tuslanishi shaxslarga qarab oʻzgaradi. III shaxs birlikda (he, she, it) asosiy fe’lga darak gaplarda -s harfi qoʻshiladi.Agar fe’l –o, -ch, -sh, -ss, -s, -x harflari bilan tugasa, fe’lga –es harflari qo’shilishi lozim.Agar -y harfi bilan tugasa -y harfi -i harfigao'zgaradiva keyin -es qo'shiladi.
🔸He works, she goes, it washes, he studies

🔸I work, they go, we wash, you study

▪️ Soʻroq va inkor gaplarda III shaxs birlikda does yordamchi fe’li qoʻllanilganligi tufayli asosiy fe’lga hech qanday harf qoʻshilmaydi.
🔸He doesn’t work, she doesn’t go, it doesn’t wash.
🔸Does he work? Does she go? Does it wash?

Present Simple Tense ning qoʻllanish holatlari:
1️⃣ Doimiy yoki takroriy ravishda sodir boʻladigan ish-harakatlar uchun qoʻllaniladi. Ish-harakat kecha, bugun va ertaga ham shunday tarzda sodir boʻladi va oʻzgarmaydi.
🔸I go to work by bus every day.= Men xar kuni maktabga avtobusda boraman.
🔸She always gets up at 6 oʻclock.= U qiz doim soat 6da turadi.
🔸Many people think that if a black cat crosses your way it is bad luck.= Ko'p odamlar agar qora mushuk yo'lingni kesib o'tsa bu baxtsizlik deb o'ylashadi.

2️⃣ Dunyoda har doim haqiqat (fakt) boʻlgan voqea-hodisalar mavjud. Masalan, tabiat hodisalari boʻlgan quyosh chiqishi, yerning quyosh atrofida aylanishi, kuzda qushlarning issiq oʻlkalarga uchib ketishlari va hakozo. Undan tashqari, jamiyatda oʻrnatilgan umumiy qoidalar, kasblar, insonlar va boshqa voqea-hodisalar haqida umumiy fikr bildirilganda ham hozirgi oddiy zamon fe’li qoʻllaniladi.
🔸The sun rises in the east.
🔸Cats live on mice.
🔸Water boils at 100ᵒC.
🔸Carpenters make things of wood.
🔸When ladies enter the room, gentlemen stand up and greet them.

3️⃣ Ingliz tilida fikrga qoʻshilish, va'da berish, tavsiya qilish uchun bir qancha fe’llar ishlatiladi. Bunday fe’llar “performative verbs” deb ataladi va nutqda juda keng qoʻllaniladi. Misol sifatida “to agree/think/ suggest/ recommend/ insist/ promise/ apologise/ refuse” fe’llarini keltirish mumkin. Mazkur fe’llar ham odatda hozirgi oddiy zamonda qoʻllaniladi.
🔸I promise I won’t be late.
🔸What do you suggest I do?
🔸He insists that we should come with him.

4️⃣ Hozirgi oddiy zamon fe’li quyidagi payt ravishlari bilan qoʻllaniladi:
▫️ always ▫️ usually ▫️ often ▫️ sometimes ▫️ rarely
▫️ never ▫️ hardly ever ▫️ frequently ▫️ occasionally ▫️ seldom
▫️ all the time
▫️ every+day/morning/night/Monday/week/month/other day/year
🔸Jim always gets up at 6 oʻclock.
🔸He never lies to his parents.
🔸We frequently see that man on the beach.

💡 Ingliz tilida “Why don’t you…?” birikmasi tavsiya qilish, maslahat berish uchun qoʻllaniladi.
🔸 Why don’t you get a new job instead of lying all day?

💡 Eslatma “never” payt ravishi qoʻllanilganda yordamchi fe’llardan 'don’t/doesn’t' qoʻllanilmaydi.
🔸He never lies to his parents. (U ota-onasiga hech qachon yolg’on gapirmaydi…toʻg’ri gap qurilmasi)
🔸He doesn’t never lie to his parents. (notoʻg’ri gap qurilmasi)

▪️ Yuqoridagi holat 'no/nobody/no-one/nothing/nowhere/neither/seldom/rarely/hardly ever' kabi inkor ma’nodagi soʻzlarga ham taalluqlidir.
▪️Nobody believes a liar when he tells the truth. (Nobody doesn’t believe… emas)