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How telehealth protects against coronavirus infection

Telehealth protects both patients and health professionals from contracting coronavirus infection. Telehealth software enables patients who are not critically ill to communicate via chat, audio, or video call with a virtual physician about their symptoms instead of presenting physically to a hospital.

The physician decides based on the severity of the symptoms if the patient needs hospital-based treatment or not. On the other hand, physicians can remotely make a provisional diagnosis of coronavirus infection in patients who have both the risk and symptom profile. The virtual doctor is expected to alert the hospital receiving the suspected case of coronavirus infection before the patient reaches the hospital.

With this pre-information, the health professionals attending to the patient would take extra precautions thereby protecting themselves against contracting the COVID-19 virus.

Benefits of telehealth to COVID-19 infected patients

In the absence of chronic medical conditions and mild symptoms, a few cases of COVID-19 infected patients can receive home treatment. Also, doctors can virtually assess and monitor these infected patients to track the disease progression as well as to ascertain those that need urgent hospital care.

In conclusion, telemedicine technology promotes virtual health care that curtails the transmission of COVID-19 infection among ill patients and health care workers. Also, patients with mild coronavirus infection can receive counsel and care remotely through a team of dedicated virtual health professionals.

If your project is aimed at understanding or tackling the coronavirus, hiring a freelancer can bring valuable expertise and skills on board.

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Reference

• theinsightpartners.com
• healtheuropa.eu/telehealth-technology-prevents-covid-19-transmission/102588/

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Diabetes is a complex, chronic condition estimated in 2014 by the World Health Organization to affect 422 million people globally. Despite significant therapeutic advancements, a person with diabetes routinely experiences physiological, cognitive, pragmatic, and psychological burdens. To achieve and maintain optimal glycemic control, those who require insulin generally must engage in time-consuming behaviors such as frequent glucose monitoring (GM) and quantifying (“counting”) carbohydrate intake, while also taking into consideration variables such as noncarbohydrate food content, exercise, illness, menstruation, stress, and other life events to adjust their medication doses. These ongoing efforts are undertaken while also attempting to avoid hypo- and hyperglycemia and lead normal lives. A person must not only have access to the right therapy (ideally individualized), but also be engaged in and adherent to a treatment plan that requires lifestyle changes to manage this complex disease. Many fail to achieve their glycemic goals due to multiple factors, including delays in intensification of treatment regimens (on the part of the patient as well as the clinician), resistance to changes in lifestyle, lack of patient education resources, inadequate treatment regimens, and poor adherence to treatment.

This review highlights emerging technologies in the fields of insulins, GM, medication delivery, data management, and decision analysis. It will additionally explore the importance of connected care and the changing roles required for the person with diabetes and the clinician who strives to provide their care.

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Reference

• theinsightpartners.com
• liebertpub.com

A cochlear implant is not the same thing as a hearing aid. It is implanted using surgery, and works in a different way.

There are many different types of cochlear implants. However, they are most often made up of several similar parts.

• One part of the device is surgically implanted into the bone surrounding the ear (temporal bone). It is made up of a receiver-stimulator, which accepts, decodes, and then sends an electrical signal to the brain.
• The second part of the cochlear implant is an outside device. This is made up of a microphone/receiver, a speech processor, and an antenna. This part of the implant receives the sound, converts the sound into an electrical signal, and sends it to the inside part of the cochlear implant.

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How do cochlear implants work?

A cochlear implant operates using two main components: An external part that hooks over the ear and a surgically implanted internal part. The two components are coupled using a powerful magnet.

External

The external component of a cochlear implant contains a microphone, a speech processor and a transmitter. The microphone and speech processor are housed in a small unit that looks like a behind-the-ear hearing aid. A small wire usually links them to the transmitter, which is positioned over the internal part of the device. The microphone picks up acoustic sounds and sends it to the speech processor. The processor analyzes and digitizes the signal before sending it to the transmitter. The transmitter then codes the signals and sends them to the implanted receiver via the magnetic coupling.

Internal

The internal part of a cochlear implant includes a receiver, which is located under the skin on the temporal bone, and one or more electrode arrays. The receiver collects the signals from the transmitter and converts them to electrical pulses. It then dispatches the pulses to the electrodes that have been inserted deeply into the inner ear. These electrodes directly stimulate the auditory nerve throughout a portion of the cochlea and the brain then interprets these signals as sound.

Know More About cochlear implants

Reference

• theinsightpartners.com
• healthyhearing.com

Immunotherapy is treatment that uses certain parts of a person’s immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. This can be done in a couple of ways:

Stimulating, or boosting, the natural defenses of your immune system so it works harder or smarter to find and attack cancer cells

Making substances in a lab that are just like immune system components and using them to help restore or improve how your immune system works to find and attack cancer cells

In the last few decades immunotherapy has become an important part of treating some types of cancer. New immunotherapy treatments are being tested and approved, and new ways of working with the immune system are being discovered at a very fast pace.

Immunotherapy works better for some types of cancer than for others. It’s used by itself for some of these cancers, but for others it seems to work better when used with other types of treatment.

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What the immune system does

Your immune system is a collection of organs, special cells, and substances that help protect you from infections and some other diseases. Immune cells and the substances they make travel through your body to protect it from germs that cause infections. They also help protect you from cancer in some ways.

The immune system keeps track of all of the substances normally found in the body. Any new substance that the immune system doesn’t recognize raises an alarm, causing the immune system to attack it. For example, germs contain substances such as certain proteins that are not normally found in the human body. The immune system sees these as “foreign” and attacks them. The immune response can destroy anything containing the foreign substance, such as germs or cancer cells.

The immune system has a tougher time targeting cancer cells, though. This is because cancer starts when normal, healthy cells become changed or altered and start to grow out of control. Because cancer cells actually start in normal cells, the immune system doesn’t always recognize them as foreign.

Clearly there are limits on the immune system’s ability to fight cancer on its own, because many people with healthy immune systems still develop cancer:

• Sometimes the immune system doesn’t see the cancer cells as foreign because the cells aren’t different enough from normal cells.
• Sometimes the immune system recognizes the cancer cells, but the response might not be strong enough to destroy the cancer.
• Cancer cells themselves can also give off substances that keep the immune system from finding and attacking them.

To overcome this, researchers have found ways to help the immune system recognize cancer cells and strengthen its response so that it will destroy them. In this way, your own body is actually getting rid of the cancer, with some help from science.

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Reference

• theinsightpartners.com
• cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/immunotherapy/what-is-immunotherapy.html

Epigenetics is involved in many normal cellular processes. Consider the fact that our cells all have the same DNA, but our bodies contain many different types of cells: neurons, liver cells, pancreatic cells, inflammatory cells, and others. How can this be? In short, cells, tissues, and organs differ because they have certain sets of genes that are "turned on" or expressed, as well as other sets that are "turned off" or inhibited. Epigenetic silencing is one way to turn genes off, and it can contribute to differential expression. Silencing might also explain, in part, why genetic twins are not phenotypically identical. In addition, epigenetics is important for X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals, which is necessary so that females do not have twice the number of X-chromosome gene products as males (Egger et al., 2004). Thus, the significance of turning genes off via epigenetic changes is readily apparent.

Within cells, there are three systems that can interact with each other to silence genes: DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA-associated silencing

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DNA Methylation

DNA methylation is a chemical process that adds a methyl group to DNA. It is highly specific and always happens in a region in which a cytosine nucleotide is located next to a guanine nucleotide that is linked by a phosphate; this is called a CpG site (Egger et al., 2004; Jones & Baylin, 2002; Robertson, 2002). CpG sites are methylated by one of three enzymes called DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) (Egger et al., 2004; Robertson, 2002). Inserting methyl groups changes the appearance and structure of DNA, modifying a gene's interactions with the machinery within a cell's nucleus that is needed for transcription. DNA methylation is used in some genes to differentiate which gene copy is inherited from the father and which gene copy is inherited from the mother, a phenomenon known as imprinting.

Histone Modifications

Histones are proteins that are the primary components of chromatin, which is the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. Histones act as a spool around which DNA can wind. When histones are modified after they are translated into protein (i.e., post-translation modification), they can influence how chromatin is arranged, which, in turn, can determine whether the associated chromosomal DNA will be transcribed. If chromatin is not in a compact form, it is active, and the associated DNA can be transcribed. Conversely, if chromatin is condensed (creating a complex called heterochromatin), then it is inactive, and DNA transcription does not occur.

There are two main ways histones can be modified: acetylation and methylation. These are chemical processes that add either an acetyl or methyl group, respectively, to the amino acid lysine that is located in the histone. Acetylation is usually associated with active chromatin, while deacetylation is generally associated with heterochromatin. On the other hand, histone methylation can be a marker for both active and inactive regions of chromatin. For example, methylation of a particular lysine (K9) on a specific histone (H3) that marks silent DNA is widely distributed throughout heterochromatin. This is the type of epigenetic change that is responsible for the inactivated X chromosome of females. In contrast, methylation of a different lysine (K4) on the same histone (H3) is a marker for active genes (Egger et al., 2004).

RNA-Associated Silencing

Genes can also be turned off by RNA when it is in the form of antisense transcripts, noncoding RNAs, or RNA interference. RNA might affect gene expression by causing heterochromatin to form, or by triggering histone modifications and DNA methylation

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Reference

• theinsightpartners.com
• nature.com

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In late 2019, a new coronavirus disease emerged, and has been referred to as coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated “COVID-19.”1-3 This virus initially caused a local infection of the city of Wuhan, China,1,4,5 and then quickly spread to over 30 countries and was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020.6-12 As of March 13, 2020, there were 1629 cases and 41 total deaths in the United States, according to the statistics compiled by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).13 These cases have been concentrated in California, Washington, and New York; however, almost all states have reported cases of COVID-19. As our health-care system faces this outbreak, the most pressing issues facing neurosurgeons involve the decision to cancel elective cases and outpatient clinics, organizing staff (including advanced practitioners and resident physicians) to minimize exposure risk, and handling neurosurgical emergencies in situations where intensive care unit (ICU) bed availability is compromised by an increasing number of COVID-19 patients.

Throughout this crisis, it is important to respect the nuances of COVID-19 policies set forth by local hospital systems and health-care institutions. However, such institutions often seek the advice of the neurosurgeon to synthesize national and international policy to formulate local treatment algorithms. This report is designed to aid neurosurgeons in this endeavor, and to serve as a reasonable starting point in making such local policy.

The situation regarding COVID-19 is rapidly evolving, and changes daily. Although timely policies should be implemented to facilitate objective decision-making, it is inevitable that such directives will need to adapt to this fluid environment. The challenge of COVID-19 for the neurosurgeon is to minimize the risk of transmission of the virus, while continuing to provide care for neurosurgical patients in need of urgent and emergent treatments. Here, we provide our institutional experience to serve as an example for neurosurgeons facing these issues related to the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak.

Future Prognosis of Neurosurgery

Karl Storz , Medtronic , B.Braun Melsungen AG , Stryker , BrainLab , Integra Lifesciences Corporation , Boston Scientific Corporation , Elekta AB , Cyberonics, Inc. , NeuroVista Corporation

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Reference

• theinsightpartners.com
• academic.oup.com/neurosurgery/article/87/1/E50/5815125

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Molecular techniques have revolutionized the practice of standard microbiology. In particular, 16S rRNA sequencing, whole microbial genome sequencing and metagenomics are revealing the extraordinary diversity of microorganisms on Earth and their vast genetic and metabolic repertoire. The increase in length, accuracy and number of reads generated by high-throughput sequencing has coincided with a surge of interest in the human microbiota, the totality of bacteria associated with the human body, in both health and disease. Traditional views of host/pathogen interactions are being challenged as the human microbiota are being revealed to be important in normal immune system function, to diseases not previously thought to have a microbial component and to infectious diseases with unknown aetiology. In this review, we introduce the nature of the human microbiota and application of these three key sequencing techniques for its study, highlighting both advances and challenges in the field. We go on to discuss how further adoption of additional techniques, also originally developed in environmental microbiology, will allow the establishment of disease causality against a background of numerous, complex and interacting microorganisms within the human host.

Microorganisms associated with the human body have been studied for many years in both health and disease. The first Human Microbiome Project perhaps began when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek scraped ‘gritty matter’ from between his teeth and became the first to visualize bacteria, or ‘animalcules’ in dental plaque in 1683

Since then, research on human-associated microorganisms has, for the pragmatic reason of combating infectious disease in human, veterinary and agricultural settings, tended to focus on pathogens. In addition, human-associated microbe research has been limited because many bacteria are difficult to grow in the laboratory. Now techniques pioneered in environmental microbiology are being applied to human diseases and are revealing complex interactions between microorganisms themselves and with their human hosts. This holds promise for a new understanding of infectious disease and for diseases not previously recognized to have a microbial component.

With the advent of high-throughput sequencing substantial numbers of samples can be processed rapidly and cost effectively. These technological advances have led to an interest in the human as a super-organism made up of interacting human and microbial components. Such interactions may be complex and occur at many levels that extend well beyond the traditional models of host pathogen and immune-virulence. Five to 8% of the human genome, for example, consists of endogenous retroviruses; gut bacteria may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease by the metabolic degradation of L-carnitine and the gut microbiota may confer good health in the elderly by as yet unknown mechanisms. Thus, many aspects of human well-being may be influenced by our associated, integrated and ubiquitous microbiota. Read More..

Reference

• https://www.theinsightpartners.com/reports/human-microbiome-sequencing-technology-market/
• https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/22/R1/R88/693913

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In the years before the pandemic, medical tourism was an exploding industry. In 20 short years, globalization and technology grew health travel from a virtually non-existent quirk of the ultra wealthy to an international medical staple that dozens of governments believed pivotal to their economic future. We have watched as ground-breaking infrastructure and world-class doctors have steadily cropped up in every corner of the world, from Brazil to Singapore.

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Now, the spectre of COVID-19 changes everything. None of us know how long this virus will remain active or how many waves will threaten the world with new outbreaks. Dozens of countries have instituted temporary restrictions on international travel that completely impede the existence of medical tourism.

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The business of health will see the ripple effects from this pandemic for quite some time. Elective surgeries have been cancelled, supplies have been decimated, and disaster planning & emergency preparedness have taken center stage, with an unprecedented burden on health services. Convention centers, stadiums, cruise ships, and hotels have had to reconfigure space to accommodate dire healthcare demand. No expert or computer model can accurately predict how long such our status quo modern healthcare operation will be interrupted.

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If there is a bright side to all this, operating in uncharted territory provides a chance for innovation and restructuring the systems that dictate how health services are delivered. The COVID-19 era has seen a radical shift toward remote and more affordable healthcare methodologies, with fewer resources expended. Telehealth is at the epicentre of more efficient healthcare delivery, keeping non-coronavirus patients home and freeing up much needed bed space at the hospital. This will almost certainly pave the way toward a more robust telehealth future. Read More..

Reference

• theinsightpartners.com
• medicaltourism.com

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CRISPR-Cas9 has taken the world by storm with the promise of making gene editing much easier and faster than ever before. But how does CRISPR actually work? How can biology research benefit from it? What will happen when we start using it to edit human DNA? And what’s the fight between its developers all about?

CRISPR-Cas9 is one of the biggest discoveries of the 21st century. Since it was developed in 2012, this gene editing tool has revolutionized biology research, making it easier to study disease and faster to discover drugs. The technology is also significantly impacting the development of crops, foods, and industrial fermentation processes.

But the one application that has made it famous is the modification of the human genome, which brings the promise of using CRISPR to cure disease. The first clinical trials testing CRISPR-Cas9 in people are already underway in China, Europe, and the US. So while scientists start venturing into tweaking our own DNA, it is worth taking the time to fully understand what CRISPR is, and what the actual benefits and risks of using the technology are Read More….

Future Prognosis of CRISPR-Cas9:

Merck KGaA , Addgene , CRISPR THERAPEUTICS , Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. , Mirus Bio LLC , Editas Medicine , Takara Bio USA , Horizon Discovery Group plc , Dharmacon Inc , Intellia Therapeutics, Inc.

Reference

• theinsightpartners.com
• labiotech.eu

Electroencephalography (EEG), noninvasive technique to record electrical activity of the brain. These devices are used to diagnose r tumors, stroke and other brain disorders. They also help to record the change in mental status or an altered level of consciousness. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease (PD), and acute ischemic stroke are major neurological disorders. As per the World Health Organization (WHO) neurological and psychiatric disorders are an important and growing cause of morbidity.

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The neurovascular diseases include hemorrhage stroke, ischemic stroke, brain tumors, and more. The genetic disorders, lifestyle habits, related chronic conditions may cause the development of neurovascular diseases. During the last few years, the predominance of neurological disorders has increased significantly. For instance, epilepsy is one of the neurovascular diseases that is rising significantly across the globe.

The rising cases of brain tumors worldwide is the primary factor for the EEG devices market growth. For instance, as per the data of Lancet Neurol 2019; approximately 330 000 cases of central nervous system (CNS) cancer were reported in the world in 2016. The most regular type of essential CNS cancer is Glioma, which is a group of malignant brain tumors that includes high-grade Glioma or glioblastoma and low-grade Glioma (astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma).

Thus, it is anticipated that the increasing prevalence of neurovascular diseases is likely to fuel the growth of the EEG (electroencephalogram) Demand In Future

Manufacturers Of EEG (electroencephalogram)

Brain Products GmbH, g.tec medical engineering GmbH, Cognionics, Wearable Sensing, Neuroelectrics, ANT Neuro, Mitsar Co. Ltd., Neurosky, Biosemi, Advanced Brain Monitoring, EMOTIV, MUSE, Koninklijke Philips N.V., Bitbrain Technologies

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Reference

• theinsightpartners.com