Biochar is created through the thermal treatment of biomass in a high temperature, indirect-fired rotary kiln, a process referred to as pyrolysis, sometimes also called torrefaction, though torrefaction tends to refer specifically to the pyrolysis of wood biomass.

Biochar can be created from any form of biomass – animal by-products, agricultural waste, forest product residuals, and more. The source material, as well as the variables of the pyrolysis process, will impact the characteristics of the end product.

The concept of biochar originates from ancient Amazonian civilizations thousands of years ago, where charcoal was placed in the soil, combined with cooking debris, creating terra preta soils – dark, nutrient rich and highly fertile soils still utilized today.

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BENEFITS OF BIOCHAR AS A SOIL AMENDMENT

Biochar boasts a porous surface structure and chemical properties that allow it to capture and hold minute particles. This ability lends itself to attracting and holding nutrients, moisture, and agrochemicals, as well as providing a place for micro-organisms and fungi to reside. Additionally, biochar is not as susceptible to degradation and breakdown, lasting longer in soil than other types of organic matter (terra preta soils have persisted for thousands of years), so its effects are long lasting.

Biochar can offer the following benefits to soil:

• Reduced nitrogen runoff
• Possible nitrous oxide emissions reduction
• Improved soil fertility through increased cation-exchange capacity
• Moderation of soil acidity
• Better water retention
• Increased number of beneficial soil microbes

Although biochars can differ and soils respond differently, biochar has shown to result in more fertile soil, increased crop yields, and improved crop nutrition, even in challenging areas with depleted soils, insufficient water, or limited access to organic resources or fertilizers.

While more research on the topic is needed, some speculate that as such a powerful catalyst in improving soil fertility, crop yield, and nutrition, biochar could also be a critical tool in meeting the world’s food security needs for an exponentially growing population.

In one growth trial, Diacarbon demonstrated an astounding 69% increase in tomato plant yield through the application of biochar.

BIOCHAR CARBON SEQUESTRATION

Biochar is also being examined for its ability to sequester carbon in soils for long periods of time, which could be a key factor in reducing greenhouse gases.

As plants and other organic materials decompose, they naturally release the amount of carbon that was captured throughout their lifetime in the form of CO2 emissions. While the pyrolysis of biomass to create biochar also releases CO2 emissions, it generally only releases half the amount of carbon that would otherwise have been released through natural decomposition. During pyrolysis, the carbon remaining in the biochar is converted to a more stable form, allowing it to be “locked up” and stored in soil, though more research is needed to determine for how long.

Because the production of biochar actually reduces the amount of CO2 emissions released into the atmosphere, it is considered a carbon negative activity. One study estimates that 12% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases could be reduced annually by using biochar to store carbon in soils. This would be a substantial win in the efforts against climate change.

BIOCHAR PYROLYSIS WITH A ROTARY KILN

One way to create biochar on a continuous basis is through the use of an indirect rotary kiln (sometimes referred to as a calciner), which allows the material to be exposed to high temperatures for a predetermined amount of time. This pyrolysis process happens between 500 – 800ºF, depending on the source material, and works to speed up the decomposition of the biomass, leaving behind the charcoal-like product.

Biomass is fed into the kiln, which is sealed off to create the oxygen-free environment. The kiln is enclosed in a furnace, which externally heats the drum rotating inside. As the drum rotates, the biomass moves through the slightly sloped drum, and is processed for the specified amount of time.

In addition to biochar, the biochar production process also yields by-products that can be utilized as well. Both syngas and bio-oils are produced and can be used as supplemental or alternative forms of energy for the process. The reaction heat can also be captured for use. In many cases, the syngas driven off from the biomass is adequate to provide all the energy needed for drying the raw material.

Proper maintenance remains essential for efficient pump operation, but new technologies offer managers greater opportunities to control costs

The centrifugal pump has long been the workhorse of HVAC systems, supporting the operation of chillers, boilers, cooling towers, domestic water systems, and hydronic distribution systems. And while practically every other component in an HVAC system has been greatly modified to meet ever changing requirements for efficiency and reliability, centrifugal pumps have not changed very much.

That does not mean today’s centrifugal pumps are the same as those of 20 years ago. Manufacturers have made significant improvements in impeller designs, construction materials, bearing and seal designs, and couplings. But these changes have been more evolutionary than revolutionary.

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As a result, many managers simply overlook the pump as an opportunity to improve the performance and reliability of HVAC systems. Building designers replicate designs used in the past in new building designs or renovation plans. System operating practices simply follow past tried and true practices. And when pumps fail, technicians replace them with new ones with the same characteristics.

The situation is changing today. Many advances that have affected other areas of building HVAC operation are being applied to pumps and their operation. As a result, engineering and maintenance managers can achieve levels of operating efficiency that were unheard of as recently as 10 years ago. And while improved operating efficiency is a primary benefits of today’s pump installations, it is not the only one. System performance has improved. Reliability has increased. Maintenance requirements have been reduced.

Improving Pump Efficiency

The overall efficiency of any pump used in a building HVAC system is determined by a number of factors, including:

• the efficiency of the pump and motor
• the efficiency of the pump control
• how well technicians maintain the pump and its related components.

New pump designs and high-efficiency drive motors can improve operating efficiency. For example, by replacing a pump motor with a high-efficiency model, managers can achieve a reduction in energy requirements of 1-5 percent. Similarly, installing a high-efficiency pump can reduce energy requirements 1-3 percent. While these efficiency improvement numbers are relatively small, the typical annual hours of operation for many pump applications can make the resulting savings very significant.

While using higher-efficiency pumps and motors will improve operating efficiency somewhat, the greatest improvements in efficiency come from new designs of pump controls. Traditional pump installations use constant-speed pumps. Technicians use building, balancing, throttle or bypass valves to reduce flow when demand is low or to balance the flow to different areas of the building.

These valves restrict the flow of water through the end device, but the pump still uses the same amount of energy to operate. Also, technicians tend to set these valves and forget them. Conditions and loads change in a building, but the valve setting remains the same.

An alternative to throttling flow that improves both performance and energy efficiency is the use of variable-frequency drive (VFD). VFDs have slowly gained acceptance in use with building HVAC pumps because of their ability to effectively control the operation of a pump over a wide range of flow requirements, while also significantly reducing the energy requirements for the pumping system.

For example, as control valves cut back on the flow of water through terminal heating or cooling devices, the control system senses the reduced flow requirement and directs the VFD to reduce the pump speed to match the conditions found. Since the vast majority of systems operate at loads below peak capacity 95 percent of the time or more, VFDs can greatly reduce pumping energy requirements. In a typical HVAC application, pump energy savings typically are 20-50 percent annually.

Enter the Intelligent Controller

While VFDs can greatly improve the energy efficiency and control effectiveness of pumping systems, manufacturers have developed a new generation of controls that goes even further. This new generation of pump controls — intelligent pump controllers — offers improvements in pump reliability while further improving system performance.

Intelligent controls can better adjust to system load changes, better control pump operations, and provide control over a wider range of load conditions, and produce smoother pump startups.
Intelligent controllers also use VFDs to regulate pump speed, but they do so not as a standalone device, but as another element in the overall building automation system. By connecting the pump and its controller to a digital field bus, data from the pump and its sensors can integrate into the system. Software monitors the operating conditions and identifies conditions that are outside normal operations and those that could damage the pump.

Finding Failure

Even with proper maintenance, pumps fail. When they do, instead of simply replacing or rebuilding the existing pump, maintenance and engineering managers should take the time to determine the cause of the failure.

Pump failures fall into four general categories:

• a defective pump
• a poor application design
• improper maintenance
• poor operating practices.

Unless managers and technicians determine the cause of the failure, it will be impossible to ensure that the failure will not be repeated with the new pump.

For example, if a pump fails because of contamination in the circulating fluid, replacing the pump without taking steps to remove the contaminants will only result in the premature failure of the replacement pump. Similarly, if a pump fails due to stress induced by thermal expansion and contraction in the piping system, the replacement pump also will fail unless technicians properly install expansion joints at the pump connections.

MARKET SCOPE

The "Global HVAC Pump Market Analysis to 2027" is a specialized and in-depth study of the HVAC pump industry with a special focus on the global market trend analysis. The report aims to provide an overview HVAC pump market with detailed market segmentation by type, product, end-user, and geography. The global HVAC pump market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. The report provides key statistics on the market status of the leading HVAC pump market players and offers key trends and opportunities in the HVAC pump market.

With greater demands on systems and for improved efficiencies, companies must look at ways to continue to improve fluid performance. Ultimately, this can lead to time and cost savings and to improvements in the life span of cooling and heating systems. Heat transfer fluids are a key component in many heating systems using ground or air source heat pumps.

While heat transfer fluids are a key component in many heating systems using ground or air source heat pumps, not all companies are paying sufficient attention to the composition or quality of the heat transfer fluids used. A key consideration is the impact that they can have on the condition of a system as a result of corrosion. Corrosion can result in a reduction in system thermal performance due to scaling on the heat transfer surface, decreased flow due to reduced pipe diameters from corrosion deposits, and potentially the need for system component replacement due to damage.

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If sourced or used incorrectly, heat transfer fluid can potentially become the most expensive aspect of a heat pump, despite the low initial cost to the customer. The life span of any heating system depends on the quality of the heat transfer fluid used, while it is also important to abide by an efficient and rigorous maintenance regime.

Potential corrosion

Ground source heat pumps can be used to efficiently heat any building by drawing heat from the ground, condensing it and delivering it to the building. Heat transfer fluids are a vital part of this process.

A geothermal heat pump harnesses heat from the ground using a network of pipes buried in either vertical boreholes or ground loops in trenches. A suitably diluted heat transfer fluid is then pumped around the pipes. The fluid extracts heat from the earth surrounding the pipework. This heat is then condensed to step up the temperature to provide space and water heating. Depending on the type of heat pump, it also has the capacity to work in reverse and provide a cooling system by expelling heat to the ground.

Corrosion of these pumps can lead to many problems; the most significant being damage that may result in fluid leakage. Other problems may include reduced heat transfer caused by surface scaling. Additionally, concerns include the clogging of particulate filters and damage to mechanical seals.

Protection

Many heat transfer fluids are glycol-based. Glycols themselves are not particularly corrosive in concentrate form. However, when they are diluted with water to achieve the required frost protection, system corrosion becomes a real problem for the installer and ultimately the end user. Bacterial growth and scaling within the system can also become an issue as a result of hard and/or inferior water. So, what can be done to prevent rust within systems and to increase their longevity?

The quality of water needs to be considered when trying to prevent corrosion. Using a high-quality product and mixing it with poor quality water makes little sense. The corrosive effect of natural water can vary considerably depending on its chemical composition. Hardness of water also needs to be considered, as it may introduce calcium and magnesium, which form scale on metal surfaces within the system.

Mixing an inhibited glycol-based heat transfer fluid, with water of a sufficient quality, enables the system to last longer by reducing corrosion, bacteria and scaling. This saves both time and money for the customer. For example, less time needs to be spent on maintaining the system and on repairs. The need to replace expensive capital equipment is also reduced.

Suppliers and installers of systems therefore face significant reputational and financial risk if the fluid they are installing falls short. An efficient inhibited heat transfer fluid gives the installer and the end user greater peace of mind.

Lack of standards

As the industry recognises the challenges of system corrosion, an international standard, known as the ASTM 1384 corrosion test standard is playing an increasingly important role.

The ASTM standard is carried out in laboratory conditions where specified pieces of commonly used metals, including aluminium, iron, steel, brass, solder and copper are immersed in an inhibited glycol/water mixture which is aerated to simulate in situ conditions at 88°C. The pieces of metal are specified at set weights and sizes and are weighed before the test begins. The test is carried out over a period of four weeks.

At the end of the test, the pieces of metal are weighed again and the before and after weights are compared for signs of corrosion. In order to pass the test, the mass change in the metals before and after the test must not exceed those levels stipulated in the standard. The test is important as it demonstrates the ability of the fluid to protect sufficiently against corrosion and thus gives the customer greater confidence. Any fluid can claim to contain corrosion inhibitors but without the presence of a test standard, the extent of protection is difficult to gauge.

Despite its existence, there is still a lack of understanding of this standard in the industry. It does remain voluntary, however some heat transfer fluid manufacturers, have chosen to embrace the standard and adhere to it across the range of products.

Maintenance regimes

While the quality of heat transfer fluids is paramount, maintenance regimes are also key to keeping systems in good condition. Regimes can differ depending on the equipment used. During servicing, fluids are generally checked periodically for pressure, glycol content, and the presence of any foreign bodies which may indicate the breaking down of the fluid.

The various conditions under which cooling fluids are transferred, stored, heated and applied can all have an impact on their performance. Regular quality checks should be performed in order to ensure that fluids are in a satisfactory condition for use all year round. It is also important to combine regular maintenance checks with an examination of the glycol content within the system, in order to maintain sufficient frost protection.

Looking to the future

In a world where supply chains are under increasing pressure to demonstrate their environmental credentials, as well as selecting high quality fluids to reduce system corrosion, many companies are keen to select products that help to reduce their carbon footprint, while maintaining high levels of performance.

In an increasingly competitive market with greater demands on systems and a drive for improved system efficiencies, it is imperative for companies to look at ways to continue to improve fluid performance by lowering viscosity and increasing the thermal transfer of systems. As well as leading to time and cost savings for the customer, this work may also lead to further improvements in the life span of cooling and heating systems.

In summary, there needs to be a change in the way that heat transfer fluids are selected and used. We should knows that selecting the right fluid for the system can reduce maintenance costs and downtime, while extending the life of a system and ultimately maximising the investment that has been made.

The "Global Heat transfer Fluids Market Analysis to 2027" is a specialized and in-depth study of the chemicals and materials industry with a special focus on the global market trend analysis. The report aims to provide an overview of heat transfer fluids market with detailed market segmentation by type, end-user industries, and geography. The global heat transfer fluids market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. The report provides key statistics on the market status of the leading heat transfer fluids market players and offers key trends and opportunities in the market.

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have never been the hottest conference or cocktail hour topic.

The sudden ventilation fascination comes from businesses and schools trying to operate while keeping indoor air as virus-free as possible. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, weighed in on this issue by saying that air filtration systems can reduce how much of the coronavirus is indoors. You can browse a range of new guides to the best and worst air purifiers on the market. But when it comes to a new filter actually catching viral particles, a lot more needs to happen besides swapping a dirty screen for a clean one.

MARKET DYNAMICS-

Increasing demand for HVAC systems and Growing awareness about indoor air quality are some of the major factors driving the growth of the HVAC filters market. Moreover, increasing investments in the construction sector are anticipated to boost the growth of the HVAC filters market.

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New Understanding Means New Interventions

Interest in HVAC systems is due in part to changing ideas about how the virus reaches new people. If the coronavirus was only dispersed by big spit droplets, no one would be talking about the efficacy of ventilation systems. Those globules would hit the ground long before a fan would suck them into a filter. But more scientists are agreeing that the virus moves through smaller particles, too — ones that float through the air and can get trapped by some filtration systems.

The question of how the virus spreads is complicated by conflicting definitions of “droplet” in the research community. When aerosol scientists talk about droplets, they mean pretty big globs. “Those are like, ballistic droplets that can land in your eye,” .. The particle size the WHO and CDC calls a droplet — a fleck 5 micrometers across — is small enough that capable offloating through the air. Though the WHO has yet to agree with thehundreds of other scientists that say the coronavirus spreads via smaller particles, what the organization considers a “droplet” already qualifies as an airborne fleck in the eyes of other professionals.

The good news is that ventilation, which means bringing fresh outdoor air indoors, can dilute concentrations of virus particles. There are also filters that trap some of the tiniest virus-carrying spit bits. One variety called a MERV-13 filter takes on the majority of particles between 0.3 and 1 micrometers in size. A more restrictive option, the HEPA filter, catches 99.97 percent of 0.3 micrometer particles. Offices, schools and restaurants may opt to install these filters in ventilation systems.

The Filter Is Only Half The Battle

Unfortunately, many buildings struggle to provide adequate ventilation and filtration.

Some of these issues might be due to insufficient expertise and oversight. Though the some industries has recommendations on how building ventilation should be maintained, individual state protocols decide how that happens. In some cities, the public schools are expected to do their own policing of their HVAC functionality. Installation and maintenance of HVAC systems is also a technical job. Organizations issue certifications to qualified repair people, and there are specific tools required.

MARKET SCOPE

The "Global HVAC Filters Market Analysis to 2027" is a specialized and in-depth study of the HVAC filters market with a special focus on the global market trend analysis. The report aims to provide an overview of HVAC filters market with detailed market segmentation by material, technology, end user industry. The global HVAC filters market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. The report provides key statistics on the market status of the leading HVAC filters market players and offers key trends and opportunities in the HVAC filters market.

As the global electric vehicle market grows, demand for EV materials such as electrical steel is growing in lockstep. Motors determine the horsepower of a vehicle, and are central to the efficiency and overall performance of EVs. Thus, high-quality electrical steels are sought after by automakers vying for the biggest share of the growing EV market.

Electrical Steel is used to make electric motors for EVs.

According to The Insight Partners, the market for electrical steel is projected to expand from USD +20 billion in 2016 to USD +30 billion by 2021, at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of +6 percent. Electrical steels go through various demanding production processes such as annealing, hot and cold rolling and insulation coating. Having the most advanced production technology is paramount, and choosing the best quality electrical steel will determine the overall performance and efficiency of EVs.

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What is Electrical Steel?

Electrical steel, also known as silicon steel, is a steel alloy of iron and silicon used to make the cores of motors, transformers and generators. This softer type of steel can generate various magnetic properties, has high permeability and low amounts of core loss. It has a small hysteresis curve, meaning reduced magnetic hysteresis as well as iron losses, or energy loss.

There are two kinds of structures for electrical steel; grain-oriented and non-oriented.

Grain-oriented electrical steel sheets are most commonly applied to transformers.

Grain-oriented electrical steel has a uniform, consistent direction of grains in its structure which allows for greater flux density and magnetic saturation. Most commonly, grain-oriented electrical steel is used for transformers which have a predictable and specific magnetic field direction.

Non-oriented electrical steel plates are traditionally welded together to form electrical motors.

A major factor that determines the quality of electrical steel is minimal core loss. Due to the constant change in direction of the magnetic field, the energy that is created can easily be lost in the form of heat. Core loss reduction has to be achieved through high-quality electrical steels that have high flux density and lower levels of core losses.

POSCO’s Hyper NO

POSCO is one of a growing number of companies dedicated to doing its part in creating an environmentally sustainable future. That’s why POSCO has been developing its premium non-oriented electrical steel to provide partners with material solutions for EVs.

POSCO’s Hyper NO is processed using innovative methods such as the self-bonding technology which replaces traditional welding procedures to improve the core’s bonding force. POSCO also managed to reduce core loss by 5 percent compared to traditional types of non-oriented electrical steel and reduce the motor noise by 5dB with its rolling technology that can process the Hyper NO down to an ultra-thin form of 0/15mm. These technologies, along with the Hyper NO’s high magnetic flux density will increase the efficiency of the motor and improve the overall performance vehicles to which it is applied. Hyper NO is highly sought after by automakers looking for premium-grade electrical steel to apply to their EV motors.

Water chillers are the strength behind HVAC cooling systems. Chilled water is distributed to coils in air conditioning systems. Then, the water is re-circulated back to the chiller where it is cooled again. The cooling coils transfer heat to the chilled water from the air, which cools and typically dehumidifies the air stream.

New designs have brought about more efficient models that have more precise load or capacity control.

MARKET DYNAMICS

Growing replacement of traditional air-cooling systems, due to its benefits such as high efficiency, low maintenance, and less operational costs. This, in turn, booming the growth for the HVAC chillers market during the forecast period. Further, the emerging need for comfortable and safe indoor environment systems is likely to flourish the HVAC chillers market. The growing construction of industrial and commercial buildings such as hospitals, educational institutions, hotels, shopping malls, etc. are expected to provide ample growth opportunities for the HVAC chillers market in the coming years.

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The report also includes the profiles of key HVAC chillers companies along with their SWOT analysis and market strategies. In addition, the report focuses on leading industry players with information such as company profiles, components and services offered, financial information of last 3 years, key development in past five years.

• Airedale International Air Conditioning Ltd.
• Carrier Global Corporation
• Daikin Industries, Ltd.
• Johnson Controls International plc
• Kaltra Innovativtechnik GmbH
• LG Electronics
• Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
• S.K.M Air Conditioning LLC
• Thermal Care, Inc.
• Trane Technologies Company, LLC

Some companies, like Johnson Controls Inc., have more than just smaller scale chillers and even have 6,000-ton water-cooled centrifugal chillers.

MARKET SCOPE

The "Global HVAC Chillers Market Analysis to 2027" is a specialized and in-depth study of the HVAC chillers industry with a special focus on the global market trend analysis. The report aims to provide an overview HVAC chillers market with detailed market segmentation as product, application, and geography. The global HVAC chillers market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. The report provides key statistics on the market status of the leading HVAC chillers market players and offers key trends and opportunities in the HVAC chillers market.

The new-generation Pathfinder and Trailblazer air-cooled chillers from Daikin Applied are the solution for school administrators, facility managers, business owners and industrial operations managers in search of quiet operation and low maintenance. For any small inside area with a limited water supply, these chillers are the perfect solution.

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency is demanded in today’s market, and the chiller design is responding to this plea accordingly. Improved heat exchanger and compressor technology, magnetic bearings and permanent magnet motors all aid in reducing energy consumption.

Chillers of the Future

As the industry turns to the future, air-cooled packaged equipment will become more sophisticated, the demand for products that pull double duty when it comes to heating and cooling will keep growing, and building loads will drop.

Paints can be used in a wide variety of applications such as interior and exterior building painting, planes, toys, furniture, cars, wood, metal and many other things where protection and appeal are needed.

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Traditional solvent-borne paints comprise of three main components: the pigment, the binder, and the solvent. Additives are also used in small quantities to enhance the paint’s properties and performance in various ways. For example, additives can be used to provide mold resistance, scuff resistant and help with brushing and drying.

Water-borne paints, which have dominated the marketplace in recent years, have similar components to solvent-borne paints. However, they differ as they use water as the primary solvent to disperse the resin added to it.

THE PAINTS AND COATINGS INDUSTRY

As an overview, the paints and coatings industry is one of the most heavily regulated industries in the world.

The sector consists of manufacturers of paints, varnishes, lacquers, shellacs, stains and a variety of other specialty coatings. It can be divided into three major groups which are:

• Architectural segment
• Industrial paints and coatings segment
• Major appliances, industrial equipment, and specialty paints and coatings.

WHAT’S DRIVING THE GROWTH IN THE MARKET?

According to a report by The Insight Partners, in the next five years, the global paints and coatings market is set to experience extensive growth. The market is projected to reach USD XXX billion by the end of 2027, growing at a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period 2020-2027.

This growth is largely being fueled by factors such as increasing strength in the building and construction markets, widespread urbanization, rising household expenditure, and surging economic growth.

At the same time, increasing demand from the construction sector in the Asia-Pacific region is also expected to boost the growth during the forecast period.

CHALLENGES FACING PAINT AND COATINGS MANUFACTURERS

Despite the positive outlook for the industry, the sector continues to face numerous challenges, which pose a considerable risk to the profitability of paint and coatings manufacturers.

Some of the challenges include continuously rising raw material costs and stringent environmental regulations due to the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paints and coatings products.

However, this blog article is focusing on the rising raw material costs and how paint and coatings manufacturers can respond to this challenge. For information about the paints and coatings industry and VOC environmental regulations, then check out the following blog articles:

RAW MATERIAL COSTS HAVING AN IMPACT ON PRICES

One of the biggest issues currently facing the paints and coatings industry is volatile raw material prices.

The reason for the volatility is due to the unexpected high demand in regions such as Asia as well as uncertainty in Western Europe and North America. The closure of some production plants in The USA, Europe, and Asia, due to failures, maintenance work and accidents, have also resulted in the prices of raw materials increasing.

In turn, these factors have resulted in the raw material supply markets gradually tightening, which has impacted raw material pricing.

MARKET SCOPE
The "Global Paints & Coatings Market Analysis to 2027" is a specialized and in-depth study of the chemicals and materials industry with a special focus on the global market trend analysis. The report aims to provide an overview of paints & coatings market with detailed market segmentation by resin type, technology, end-use industry and geography. The global paints & coatings market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. The report provides key statistics on the market status of the leading paints & coatings market players and offers key trends and opportunities in the market.

MARKET INTRODUCTION

Aircrafts use in-flight catering services to improve the in-flight understanding of their travelers. Driving carriers over the globe are actualizing trend setting innovations so as to better their in-flight catering services, while including development in food items according to food inclinations of purchasers. Likewise, they are following an exceptional pattern of offering local just as mainland dinner choices to their travelers, which fulfills explicit supper solicitations of travelers, hence expanding traveler fulfillment levels.

Besides, dominant part of airline caterers and in-flight catering service in the market are improving their gracefully chain the board (SCM) so as to accomplish top notch items alongside cost-viability in their in-flight providing food activities. All things considered, expanding ventures by celebrated food brands are relied upon to take this pattern to the following level by offering acclaimed food items to the air travelers well known among the carrier business over the globe.

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MARKET DYNAMICS

In-flight cooking market development is generally pushed by the expanding interest for principle courses by travelers ready. One of the fundamental explanation behind high principle course request is the developing traffic in long stretch flights that have stayed instrumental in fuelling interest for in-flight providing food administrations for a huge scope. In long stretch flights, carriers are furnishing full dinners with refreshments and plates of mixed greens offered as corresponding dishes.

This factor has altogether raised the interest for fundamental courses, given their bundled benefits. Also, the pattern of actualizing trend setting innovation in cooking administrations offered on flights, for example, utilization of various kinds of keen contraptions for requesting food in flights accordingly expanding the comfort remainder of travelers has altogether fuelled the development of in-flight catering market since ongoing occasions. As an outcome of headways and enhancements in current in-flight providing food administrations, driving members in the in-flight cooking market are zeroing in on directing their procedures from an innovative advancement outlook so as to extend their business reach.

MARKET SCOPE

The "Global Inflight Catering Market Analysis to 2027" is a specialized and in-depth study of the chemicals and materials industry with a special focus on the global market trend analysis. The report aims to provide an overview of the inflight catering market with detailed market segmentation by product type, rating, design, end user, distribution channel and geography. The global inflight catering market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. The report provides key statistics on the market status of the leading inflight catering market players and offers key trends and opportunities in the market.

The report also includes the profiles of key companies along with their SWOT analysis and market strategies in the inflight catering market. In addition, the report focuses on leading industry players with information such as company profiles, components, and services offered, financial information of the last 3 years, the key development in the past five years.

• Cathay Pacific Airways Limited
• Dnata
• DO and CO
• Newrest Group International S.A.S
• Flying food Group LLC
• LSG Sky Chefs
• The Emirates Group
• Sats Ltd.
• Gategroup
• HNA Group Co. Ltd.

Study identifies future research areas needed to accelerate growth of vertical farming using aeroponics.

A new interdisciplinary study combining biology and engineering sets down steps towards accelerating the growth of vertical farming, including the use of aeroponics which uses nutrient-enriched aerosols in place of soil.

Accelerate sustainable growth of vertical farming

It identifies future research areas needed to accelerate the sustainable growth of vertical farming using aeroponic systems.

“By bringing fundamental biological insights into the context of the physics of growing plants in an aerosol, can help the vertical farming business become more productive more quickly, while producing healthier food with less environmental impact.”

Vertical farming is a type of indoor agriculture where crops are cultivated in stacked systems with water, lighting and nutrient sources carefully controlled.

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Seven areas of future research

The study, which appears in the journal New Phytologist and is called Getting to the Roots of Aeroponic Indoor Farming, lays out seven steps – strategic areas of future research needed to underpin increased productivity and sustainability of aeroponic vertical farms.These seek to understand:

1. Why aeroponic cultivation can be more productive than hydroponic or soil cultivation.
2. The relationship between aeroponic cultivation and 24-hour circadian rhythms of plants.
3. Root development of a range of crops in aeroponic conditions.
4. The relationship between aerosol droplet size and deposition and plant performance.
5. How we can establish frameworks for comparing vertical farming technologies for a range of crops.
6. How aeroponic methods affect microbial interactions with plant roots.
7. The nature of recycling of root exudates (fluids secreted by the roots of plants) within the nutrient solutions of closed aeroponic systems.

The report argues that a driver of technological innovation in vertical farms is minimising operation costs whilst maximising productivity – and that investment in fundamental biological research has a significant role.

Genetically tune crops to grow in vertical farms

Centre researchers have bred a line of broccoli adapted to grow indoors for a major supermarket and one of the aims of research will be to test how we can genetically tune more crops to grow in the controlled space of vertical farms.

"80% of agricultural land worldwide is reported to have moderate or severe erosion, the ability to grow crops in a soilless system with minimal fertilisers and pesticides is advantageous because it provides an opportunity to grow crops in areas facing soil erosion or other environmental issues such as algal blooms in local water bodies that may have been driven by traditional, soil-based, agriculture.”

According to the report, the global automotive adhesive market is projected to surpass US$ ~7 Bn by 2027, expanding at a CAGR of ~5% during the forecast period, owing to increasing usage of adhesives in vehicles to achieve lightweighting and higher fuel economy. A car in the 1990s contained around 22 pounds of adhesives, which has presently increased to about ~33 to ~39 pounds.

The burgeoning demand for glue in automotive industry to fix various components is constantly driving the innovations among the adhesive manufacturers. Automotive industry is one of the major consumers of adhesives and the demand from the same is anticipated to surge over the years. This factor is catalyzing the growth of automotive adhesive market.

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Expansion of Automotive Adhesive Market

Adhesives have been utilized for bonding metal sheets in vehicles for over 40 years. Increasing trend of aerodynamic bodies and flatter designs to create minimal wind resistance have led to the usage of adhesives, as opposed to conventional spot welding. Decline in the number of welding points and increased use of adhesives in structural bonding are likely to boost the global automotive adhesive market during the forecast period.

Vehicles manufactured with adhesives are more cost-effective and safe as compared to their welded counterparts. Welding, bolting, or riveting impact the rigidity of assembled parts, the use of adhesive acts as a buffer and absorbs high energy. Increased demand for safer vehicles among consumers and competition among automakers to achieve higher safety rating are driving the global automotive adhesive market.

Based on adhesive type, the structural segment held a leading share of the global automotive adhesive market in 2019. Adhesives have been widely adopted for gluing structural components and panels to lower the vehicle weight and improve stability and safety. The threadlocks & retainers segment is anticipated to expand at a high growth rate during the forecast period, as they are cost-effective and prevent corrosion, leakage, and loosening of fasteners/bolts/screws.

In terms of vehicle type, the passenger vehicle segment held a leading share of the global automotive adhesive market, owing to the higher production volume of cars and high usage of adhesives in cars to achieve interior esthetics, lightweighting, and to lower vehicle noise and vibrations.

Regional Analysis of Automotive Adhesive Market

In terms of region, the global automotive adhesive market has been segregated into North America, Europe, East Asia, South APAC, Middle East & Africa, and Latin America. Asia Pacific held a leading share of the global automotive adhesive market in 2019. High production of vehicles in China, Japan, and India led to the dominance of Asia Pacific in the global automotive adhesive market. Europe and North America held a prominent share and the market in these regions are anticipated to expand at a steady pace post recovery from the COVID19-induced auto recession.

Key Players of Automotive Adhesive Market

Prominent players operating in the global automotive adhesive market include Henkel AG & Co., KGaA, Arkema S.A., DuPont, Hunstman International LLC, Sika AG, Jowat SE, Dow Inc., 3M, Ashland, H.B. Fuller Company, and Franklin International.

Global Automotive Adhesive Market: Segmentation

• Automotive Adhesive Market, by Adhesive Type
• Structural
• Tapes & Films
• Threadlocks & Retainers
• Liquid Gasket
• Automotive Adhesive Market, by Product Type
• Solvent
• Water
• Hot Melt
• Reactive
• Others
• Automotive Adhesive Market, by Application
• BIW
• Glazing
• Powertrain
• Paint Shop
• Upholstery
• Others
• Automotive Adhesive Market, by Vehicle Type
• Passenger Vehicle
• Light Commercial Vehicle
• Heavy Commercial Vehicle
• Automotive Adhesive Market, by Sales Channel
• OEM
• Aftermarket
• Automotive Adhesive Market, by Region
• North America
• U.S.
• Canada
• Latin America
• Brazil
• Mexico
• Rest of Latin America
• Europe
• Germany
• U.K.
• France
• Italy
• Spain
• Rest of Europe
• Asia Pacific
• China
• India
• Japan
• ASEAN
• Rest of Asia Pacific
• Middle East & Africa
• GCC Countries
• South Africa
• Rest of Middle East & Africa