KMnO4 suvli eritmasida Mn oksidlanish darajasi necha birlikka o’zgaradi…

Klechovskiy qoidasi toping...

Qaysi reaksiyada asosli oksid hosil bo’ladi

J: Li+O2=Li2O

20°C dagi vaqti 27 sek

40°C dagi vaqt 3 sek

30°C -?

20C 0.9 minutda tugaydi 50C 2 sekundda tugaydi 30Cda gi tezlikni toping.

NH2-CH2-COOH
Qaysi aminokislota?

Yozma ish:

42. 1.4 mol geksan= A,B,C,D. (Katalitik kreking)
Modda formulalari va nomini yozing.

43. Vitsinal digalogenalkan +2KOH(spirtli eritma)=

Quyidagi moddalardan qaysi biri Ba(OH)₂ eritmasiga qo‘shilganda, eritmaning elektr o‘tkazuvchanligi kamayadi?

• A) Natriy gidroksid (NaOH)
• B) Natriy oksid (Na₂O)
• C) Bariy xlorid (BaCl₂)
• D) Kumush ftorid (AgF)

Metanga nisbatan zichligi nechchi bo’lgan uglevodorod yonganda o’ng va chap koyfissentlar yigindisi o’zgarmaydi.
J:C2H4

Natriy (Na) va kaliy (K) aralashmasi oltingugurt (S) bilan ta’sirlashganda, natriy sulfidi hosil bo‘ldi. So‘ngra eritmaga Al₂(SO₄)₃ eritmasi qo‘shildi.

Berilgan:
• Kaliy massasining natriy massasidan 11 g ko‘p.
• Hosil bo‘lgan sulfidlar massasi bilan metallarning umumiy massasi orasidagi farq-9,6g

Savollar:
33. Natriy (Na) atomlari sonini toping.
34. Sulfidlar va metallar orasidagi tuzlar massa farqini toping.
35. Al₂(SO₄)₃ qo‘shilganda eritma massasi necha grammga ortdi?

960 g P₂S₅ ga X% li HNO₃ eritmasi qo‘shildi. Hosil bo‘lgan eritmaga esa 1600 g 60% li AgNO₃ eritmasi qo‘shildi. Natijada suyultirilgan HNO₃ eritmasi hosil bo‘ldi. Bu yakuniy eritmadagi HNO₃ konsentratsiyasi dastlabki X% li eritmadan 2 marta kam bo‘ldi.

Savollar:
1. Hosil bo‘lgan cho‘kmaning massasini toping.
2. Dastlabki HNO₃ eritmasining konsentratsiyasi X% ni toping.
3. Yakuniy eritma massasini hisoblang. (Agar adashmasam)
4. Birinchi bosqichdagi reaksiyaning qisqa ionli tenglamasini yozing.

Qaysi modda Ba(OH)2 eritmasiga qo'shilganlar eritma elektr o‘tkazuvchanligi kamayadi.
A) NaOH
B) Na2O
C) BaCl2
D) AgF

Na va K aralashmasi S bilan ta'sirlashganda hosil Nartiy sulfidga Al2(SO4)3 eritmasi qo‘shildi. Kaliyni massasi natriy massasidan 11 g ko‘p. Sulfidlari yig‘indisi metallar massalari farqi 9,6 g.
33. Na atomlari sonini toping
34. Tuzlar massa farqini toping
35. Al2(SO4)3 qo‘shilganda eritma massasi necha g ortdan.

To‘g‘ri javobni aniqlang.
A) 1 mol qizil P 22,4 litrni egallaydi
B) Be Mg nisbatan elektr o‘tkazuvchanligi yaxshi
C) Xavoda H2 va O2 4:1 hajmiy nisbatan bo‘ladi.
D)Reaksiyaga kirishgan moddalar koefsiyenti bilan hosil bo'lgan moddalar koefsiyenti teng.

Mis nitrat va kaliy xlor dan iborat 727.4 gr suvli eritma mavjud. Shu eritmadan cu ionlarini toliq tugaguncha elektroliz qilindi. Katodda hosil bolgan moddaning massasi anodda hosil bolgan gazlarning massasidan 15gr ga kop. Eritmadagi hosil bolgan hno3 ni toliq neytrallash uchun 440gr x%li k2s eritmasi sarflandi. Natijada oxirgi eritmada 2mol kno3 hosil boldi.
1. Eritmadagi tuzlar va suvning molini toping
2. x ni aniqlang
3.elektroliz uchun 4soat vaqt ketgan bolsa tok kuchi(A)ni toping
4.ektrolizdan ajralgan cl2 qaynoq kohga yuttirilishi natijasida hosil bolgan tuzlarning massasini toping.

42. Reaksiyalarni davom etiring va hozil bo‘lgan moddalarni sistematik nomlang.

1. 4C6H14=A+B+C+D (o'zaro bir biriga izomerdir) katalitik

2. 2,2,3,4,5,5 geksametil 3,4 dibrom oktanga +Zn = davom etiring va Sis nomlang.

3. 2,2,6,6 tetrametil 3,4 dixlor geptan +KOH (spirt) = davom etiring va Sis nomlang.

4. Stirolga + KMnO4+ H2O = davom etiring va tenglang.

5. (CH3COO)2Ca= piroliz qilinganda hosil bo'lgan moddani Sis nomlang.

6. Glukozaning spirtli bijg‘ish reaksiyasini yozing.

Na2CO3 va NaHCO3 qizdirilganda hosil bo'lgan gaz hajmi qizdirilganda hosil bo'lgan qattiq moddalarga HCl tasirida hosil bo'lgan gaz hajmini 2/5 tashkil etsa, dastlabki nordon tuz massani toping.
A) 20 g
B) 30
C) 40
D) 42

Piritdan 80 unum bilan 0,2 mol SO2 olindi.Dastlabki pirit masasini g toping?

43 translatsiya mahsuloti bolgan polipeptid zanjirning uzunligi 806nm .i RNK 1/3 qismini Guanin nukleotidlari tashkil qiladi va iRNK oxiri UGA tripleti bilan yakunlanadi. Bu iRNK dnkning ikkinchi zanjiridan sintezlangan bolib uning birinchi zanjiri T nukleotidlari 600 ta shu zanjirdagi A lar 900 ta (1ta aminokislota uzunligi 0.1325nm deb olinsin)

42. Go'za ko'sagi og'irligi A va a polimer genlar bilan bog'lig holatda irsiyalandi, A1A1a2A2 - 7 gramm, A1a1a2a2 5 gramm, tolasi uzunligi B va b polimer genlari bilan ifodalanadi, B1b1b2b2 - 26 mm, B1B1b2B2 - 30 mm.
Poya gisga bo'lishi - H
Uzun bo'lishi - h
D va d genlari tola rangini yuzaga chigaradi, D geni go'ng'ir, d geni og, geterozigota holatida oralig irsivlanib malla rang yuzaga keladi.

Asosli oksid hosil qiladigan reaksiyani toping.
A) ZnO+C
B) Li+O2
C) C+O2
D) Al+O2

Molyar konsentratsiyasi o.2mol/l bòlgan Nacl eritmasiga 0.4mol/l bólgan Na2So4 eritmasi qóshildi. Sulfat ionlari 016 mol/l
Na+ ionining molyarligini toping.

1)Benzol+atsetilen
2)Alkadienlar polimerlanish
3)etilenglikol+Cu(OH)2
4) 1mol tarmoqlangan alkilbromit+5mol tarmoqlangan alkilbromit+6Na=6NaBr
5) Glitsin+ fenilalanin+ alanin

1. Teng mol nisbatdagi Ca+Me+Cu aralashmasida nomalum metall Ca dan 3.2 gramm ko'p, Cu dan 1.6 gram kam. Me=?
Javob: Temir

2. 0,2 mol Nomalum alkan yondirilganda mahsulotlar massa farqi 12g bo`lsa alkanni aniqlang.
Javob: C3H8

3. Glyukoza 2:1 nisbatda 2 qismiga ajratilgan 1-qismi 60% unum bilan H2 da qaytarilgan. 2-qismi yondirilganda 54 gramm suv hosil bo'lgan. Qaytarilishidan hosil bo`lgan mahsulotni massasini toping.
Javob: 109,2 g

4. N2O va NO dan iborat aralashma 22,4 l. Aralashmada azot va kislorod massalari teng bo`lsa azot monoksidni massasini toping
Tahrirlandi: Savolda hajmni so`ragan ekan 6/7*22.4=19,2 chiqadi javob
Javob: 19,2 l

5.6 litr murakkab modda tarkibida 27.09•10²³ ta proton boʻlsa murakkab moddani aniqlang.
A) SiH4
B) Ne
C) H2O

2. Glyukoza 2:1 nisbatda 2 qismiga ajratilgan 1-qismi 60% unum bilan H2 da qaytarilgan. 2-qismi yondirilganda 54 gramm suv hosil bo'lgan. Qaytarilishidan hosil bo`lgan mahsulotni massasini toping.
Javob: 182 g

A va B gen orasidagi masofa 24% B va C gen orasidagi masofa 18 % qoʻsh krasingavor 6% Trigitro organizmlari chatishtirilganda chiqadigan avlodlarni genotip foizini toping

1. Teng mol nisbatdagi Ca+Me+Cu aralashmasida nomalum metall Ca dan 3.2 gramm ko'p, Cu dan 1.6 gram kam. Me=? Fe

41. 0.9 mol xlorid kislota bo'lgan 200.7 gr eritmaga ma'lum miqdorda temir kuyindisi solindi biroz vaqtdan so'ng temir kukuni solindi va u to'liq erib ketdi va 25%li eritma hosil boldi(zichlik=1.143).eritma 2 qismga ajratildi 1 qism qizil qon tuzi bilan kirishda
2 qism AgNO3 bilan kirishdi va cho'kma hosil cho'kma ajratib olindi va eritmada Fe(No3)2 va suv qolgan 255.25 gr eritma qoldi

Haymiy nisbatlari 1:7:2 nisbatda olingan alkan,kislorod,azot aralashmasi portlatildi va suv bugʻlari kondensatsiyalandi.Hosil boʻlgan gazlar aralashmasini tarkibida ikkita odiy va bitta murakkab modda boʻlib, neonga nisbatan zichligi 1.8 teng boʻlsa, alkandagi sp3 orbitallar sonini aniqlang?

2 l Suv olish uchub portlovchi moddani minimal hajmi qancha
Javob: 3733 litr

Beda oʻsimligida 4 ta hujayra bor birinchi hujayrada bir qismi chala ikkinchi qismi toʻliq parchalandi. Ikkinchi hujayrada 900 g gulikoza barchasi chala parchalandi.
Uchinchi hujayrada 720 g gulikozani bir qismi chala bir qismi toʻliq parchalandi. Toʻrtinchi hujayra 540 g gulikozani bir qismi chala bir qismi toʻliq parchalandi Hamma hujayrada 9040 kj ATF energiyasi hosil boʻladi. Savol. Toʻliq parchalangan ATF sonini aniqlang?

1:7:2 nisbatda boʻlgan alkan O2 n2 aralashmasi qizdirildi.
Neonga nisbatan zichligi 1.8 boʻlgan aralashma olindi . Alkan tarkibidagi sp3 orbitallarni toping

17 mol glukozaning parchalanmay qolgan moli, achigan glukozaning 40%ini, kislorodli parchalangan glukoza sonining 20% ini tashkil qiladi. Glikolizga uchragan glukoza sonini aniqlang?

Pbs shu qanaqa cho'kma. Rangi so'ralgan yopiq savolda.

- javob: qora cho'kma

Hajmiy nisbatlari 1:7:2 nisbatda olingan alkan, kislorod, azot aralashmasi portlatildi va suv bug'lari kondensatlandi. Hosil bolgan gazlar aralashmasini tarkibida ikkita oddiy va bitta murakkab modda bolib, neonga nisbatan zichligi 1,8 ga teng bo'lsa, hosil bo'lgan aralashmadagi kislorod moddasini massa ulushini (%) aniqlang.
A) 69,1 B) 25,4 C) 55,5 D) 41..5

Javob: B

Tarkibida 0.9 mol bôlgan HCl 200.7 gr eritmasiga temir kuyundisi qushildi. Va temir kukuni qushlidi va kukun erib ketdi. 25%eritma zichligi 1.143. ikki qismga ajratilib birnchi qismiga qizil qon tuzi qushilgnada  tuz hosil buldi. Ikkinchi eritmaga esa 200gr agno3 qushildi. Eritmada feno32 va h2o 255.25 gr eritma hosil buldi
1.1 temir kuyumdisi topilsin gr
2. 2 temir kukuni moli topilsin
3.25 %eritma moli topilsin
4. Agno3 eritma foizi topilsin

200 gr 11,7% NaCl elektroliz qilindi 0.7 mol gazlar hosil boʻldi. O2 massasini toping.
Javob: 3,2 g

DNK fragmenti qo'sh zanjiridagi A+T yig'indisi G sonidan 18taga ko'p bo'lsa. S umumiy nukleotidlarning 30% ni tashkil qilishii malum bo'las. DNK malekulasi 1-zanjiridagi T nukleotidlar soni 2-zanjirdagi G nukleotidlar sonidan 2marta ko'p bo'lsa, DNK fragmenti malekulasi uzunligini aniqlang(qo'shni masofa 0,34nm).

4:2:3 mol nisbatdagi propilen, etin, propadien massasi 102 gram boʻlsa alkinning massasini toping

0.9 mol xlorid kislota bo'lgan 200.7 gr eritmaga ma'lum miqdorda temir kuyindisi solindi biroz vaqtdan so'ng temir kukuni solindi va u to'liq erib ketdi va 25%li eritma hosil boldi(zichlik=1.143).eritma 2 qismga ajratildi 1 qism qizil qon tuzi bilan kirishda 2 qism AgNO3 bilan kirishdi va cho'kma hosil cho'kma ajratib olindi va eritmada Fe(No3)2 va suv qolgan 255.25 gr eritma qoldi.

Propenni gidrogenlarnishida sp³ orbitallar soni 2,2marta oshgan bo'lsa, gidrogenlanish reaksiya unumini toping.
Javob: 60%

Propilen,etin va propadiyendan iborat aralashma 3:2:2 mol nisbatda aralashtirildi. 102 gr shunday aralashmadagi alkinni massasini aniqlang?

A va B gen orasidagi masofa 24% B va C gen orasidagi masofa 18 % qoʻsh krasingavor 6% Trigitro organizmlari chatishtirilganda chiqadigan avlodlarni genotip foizini toping.

Ammoniy sulfat va natriy nitrit qizdirildi natijada a b d ( bu aniq esimdamas) moddalar olindi. A havo tarkibida eng koʼp  uchraydigan modda Etan yonganda X va b modda hosil boʼladi.
33. 0.04 mol b modda qancha Bariy bn reaksiyaga kirishadi.
35. 0.14* NA atom tutgan D modda olish uchun qancha ammoniy sulfat sarflanadi.

Sublimatlanish tushdi frukroza glyukoza umumiy xusisuyat. Yonish tenglamasi C3H8 javob boladi yopiq testdan
41 masala

42 faqat organika reaksiya

43 savol strelkali yani bosqichli reaksiyalar X Y Z Deb reaksiya bergan orada chiqgan moddani rangi berilgan shunaqa savollar tushdi.

Odamda normal eshitish dominant, karlik ressesiv belgi hisoblanadi. Normal eshituvchi II qon guruhli geterozigotali ota-onadan tug’ulgan farzandlarning necha foizi ikkita belgisi bo’yicha gomozigotali bo’ladi?

DNK fragmenti qo'sh zanjiridagi A+T yig'indisi G sonidan 18taga ko'p bo'lsa. S umumiy nukleotidlarning 30% ni tashkil qilishii malum bo'las. DNK malekulasi 1-zanjiridagi T nukleotidlar soni 2-zanjirdagi G nukleotidlar sonidan 2marta ko'p bo'lsa, DNK fragmenti malekulasi uzunligini aniqlang(qo'shni masofa 0,34nm).

4:2:3 mol nisbatdagi propilen, etin, propadien massasi 102 gram boʻlsa alkinning massasini toping

Yechim: (4•42+2•26+3•40)x=102
x=0.3
m=2•26•0,3=15,6g

1 ,7,2 nisbatda boʻlgan alkan ,O2, N2 aralashmasi qizdirildi.
Neonga nisbatan zichligi 1.8 boʻlgan aralashma olindi . Alkan tarkibidagi sp3 orbitallarni toping

Javob : 3•4=12

200 gr 11,7% nacl elektroliz qilindi 0.7 mol gazlar hosil boʻldi. O2 massasini toping.

0.5mol kumol yonganda qaytaruvchi oksidlovchi nechta elektron beradi

Diqgat! Mazkur topshirig kengaytirilgan javobni talab etib, uning yechilish uslubi va barcha arifmetik hisob-kitob amallarini javoblar varaqasida to'liq aks ettirish talab etiladi.
42. G'ó'za o'simligida ko'saklarini virik bo'lishi-A, mayda bo'lishi-a ustidan. Bargining to q yashil bo'lishi-B, och yashil bo'lishi-b ustidan. Ertapisharligi-D, kechpisharligi-d ustidan to'liq dominantlik qilib ushbu uch juft gen bitta gomologik xromasomada chala birikkan xolda nasldan nasiga o'tadi. A va B geni o'rtasidagi aniq masofa 22 % ga. B va D geni orasidagi aniq masofa 18 % ga. Amaliy qo'sh krosingover 4 % ga teng.
Trigomozigota yirik ko'sakli, bargi to' q yashil, kechpishar go' za o' simligi, va trigomozigota mayda kosakli, bargi och yashil, ertapishar g'o'za o'simligi o'zaro chatishtirilishidan olingan F1 avlod o'simliklari o' zaro qayta chatishtirilib jami 200000 avlod olingan bo'lsa.
Yuqoridagi ma'lumotlardan foydalanib quydagilarni aniqlang.
Topshiriqni bajarish tartibi:
1) belgilar va ularni boshqaruvchi genlari, ota-ona genotipi, gametalari, hamda farzandlar genotipini pennet kataklariga yozing.
Berilgan ma'lumotlardan foydalanib quyidagi (a-c) topshiriqlarni bajaring.
Avlodning qancha qismini yirik ko'sakli, och yashil bargli, ertapishar o'simliklar tashkil gilishini aniqlang
Avlodning qancha qismini mayda ko'sakli, och yashil bargli, ertapishar o'simliklar tashkil qilishini aniqlang.
Avlodning qancha qismini mayda ko'sakli, to' q yashil bargli, kechpishar o'simliklar tashkil qilishini aniqlang.

2025/2026 yildan sertifikatsiz abituriyentlar ayrim yo‘nalishlarga kira olmaydi

Kelasi o‘quv yilidan boshlab, fanlar majmuasida chet tili birinchi fan sifatida belgilangan ta’lim yo‘nalishlariga hujjat topshirish uchun xorijiy tilni bilish darajasini tasdiqlovchi milliy yoki xalqaro sertifikat talab etiladi.

Bu nimani anglatadi?

📌 2025/2026 o‘quv yili qabulidan boshlab, qaysi yo‘nalishda chet tili birinchi fan (3,1 ball) sifatida belgilangan bo‘lsa, ushbu yo‘nalishga faqat tegishli til sertifikatiga ega abituriyentlargina hujjat topshira oladi.

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Abituriyentlar milliy yoki xalqaro tan olingan sertifikatga ega bo‘lishi kerak. Bu CEFR (B2 yoki undan yuqori daraja), IELTS, TOEFL yoki boshqa ekvivalent sertifikatlar bo‘lishi mumkin.

Kelasi yili test topshirishni rejalashtirayotgan abituriyentlar hoziroq sertifikat olish uchun tayyorgarlikni boshlashi kerak!

✅Writing Task 1:

Your friend is unsure whether to continue studying at university or start working. Write a letter to your friend. In your letter:

- acknowledge their dilemma and express understanding;
- provide advice on the benefits of both options (studying vs. working);
- suggest what you think would be the best choice for them and explain why.

✅Writing Task 2:

Some people believe that artificial intelligence (AI) will replace many human jobs in the future, while others think that it will create more job opportunities.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

✅Listening Part 2

1. City
2. 4
3. Free
4. Bag
5. 9
6. Booklovers

✅Listening Part 3: Speakers

15. Travel for working
16. Work in a creative field
17. Work in a group
18. Work outdoors

✅Listening Part 4: Map

H A E I B G

✅Listening Part 6

30. Soap
31. Mouth
32. Washing
33. Pioneers
34. Gods
35. Social

✅Reading Part 1

1. Coach
2. Skills
3. Training
4. Game
5. Team
6. Goal

✅Reading Part 4: T/F/NG

25. Solar panels are better in coastal areas than inlands - FALSE

26. Wind energy is better in coastal areas - TRUE

27. Iceland depends on ... power and ... power - TRUE

28. Fossil fuels are the main cause of carbon emissions - NOT GIVEN

29. Renewable energy can be expensive by impact of technology - FALSE

1-smena savollari :

✅ READING PART 1 Answers:

- Boat
- Island
- Beach
- Sand
- Starfish
- Picnic

✅ Reading Part 2 Answers:

1.Tree planting Course care about, plants, build trus, growing

2. Power & Fitness Club encourage children to stay healthy and exercise

3. SOS skills→ basic helping others

4. Creative Skills painting, drawing skills

5. Melodic Tods, tune→ a variety a of musical instruments to learn

6. Domestic animal care want to teach about how to care pet animals

7. Team challenge team work on problem solving situations.

8. Cooking Baking & Pastry Cub interested in cooking

✅Writing Task 2

Some people believe that increasing the tax on unhealthy food is the best way to encourage people to eat healthier.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

✅Writing Task 1

You are planning to have a family celebration at a hotel and need some information about their facilities and services.

Write a letter to the hotel manager. In your letter:
- inform them about the date and type of celebration you are planning
- ask for details about the facilities and services available for such an event
- request a price list for the services provided

✅LISTENING PART 1

1)Where did you put my book?
- On the table
2)Do you want tea or coffee?
- I’ll have coffee
3)Can you help me with this box?
- Sure,I’ll carry it
4)When does the train leave?
- It is 5 minutes late
5)Did you enjoy the film?
- Yes,it was great
6)Where is the nearest bank?
- On Main street
7)What ia the weather like today?
- It is sunny
8.Can you close the window?
- Sure no problem

✅Listening Part 2 REMAKE:

Take place in where: (1)________Park

Lasts: (2)______ days

The cost of ticket for under 12-year-old children: (3)________

Bring: chair or (4)_____

Starts every day: (5)_______a.m

For information:www.(6)_______.com

✅LISTENING PART 3

S1 - She is my best friend
S2 - Some people don't like my friend
S3 - I don't see her very often
S4 - We are not friends anymore

✅LISTENING PART 4: MAP

1. Archeological Dig Zone
2. Medieval Fortress
3. Gadden of Traditions
4. Cultural Marketplace
5. Ancient Library

✅LISTENING PART 5

Extract 1

1. What do they disagree about?
- Music concert
2. What's the woman doing?
- Complaining

Extract 2

3. The man doesn't......
- know Marthe well
4. The woman is stopping him from....
- Taking smth

Extract 3

5. What is the relationship between speakers?
- a married couple
6. How does the woman feel about him?
- sympathetic about hid problems

✅LISTENING PART 6

30. anyone
31. false
32. exposure
33. protests
34. balanced
35. accounts

Did you know that reading articles regularly can significantly improve your SAT score? Here's why:
📚 1. Boost Your Vocabulary:
Articles expose you to diverse words and phrases that often appear in SAT Reading and Writing sections.

📝 2. Master Grammar and Syntax:
You'll naturally learn how sentences are structured and how grammar rules are applied, helping you tackle tricky questions.

⏳ 3. Sharpen Your Reading Speed:
SAT passages are timed. Practicing with articles helps you read faster without losing comprehension.

🎯 4. Build Critical Thinking:
Analyzing arguments in editorials or opinion pieces mirrors the skills needed for the SAT.

🔝TOP WEBSITES FOR ARTICLES :

📌 theguardian.com — a great read for culture themes.
📌 nationalgeographic.com — this is probably my perennial favorite where you can learn a lot about history and animals.
📌 scientificamerican.com — mind-blowing articles on the topic of science
📌 theconversation.com — another great publication with articles on virtually every topic out there.
📌 medium.com — this may not be as "science-y" as the others on the list but is incredibly entertaining.
📌 hbr.org — anything about productivity at work and studies.
📌 theatlantic.com — a paper with very neat and formal language.
📌 time.com — another magazine surrounding any 'boring' Reading topic you might find out there.
📌 bbc.com — a great website to stay updated about the latest news taking place around the globe.

A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media. People are dearly more curious about bad news than good. Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants. That, however, can lead to significant distortions of perception. An example was America’s encounter with EI Nino in 1997 and 1998. This climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes, and causing 22 deaths. However, according to an article in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billion but the benefits amounted to some US$19 billion. These came from higher winter temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods caused by meltwaters).
The fourth factor is poor individual perception. People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste. Yet, even if America’s trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area of the entire United States.
So, what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the planet to warm. The best estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3°C in this century, causing considerable problems, at a total cost of US$5,000 billion.

Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses dearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation to the increased temperatures. A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate
Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of 2.1 degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to an increase of 1.9 degrees. Or to put it another way, the temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 2094 would be postponed to 2100.
So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six years. Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the world’s single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation. Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and prevent half a billion people from becoming seriously ill.

It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best possible decisions for the future. It may be costly to be overly optimistic – but more costly still to be too pessimistic

As we left the flat plain, the road began to twist and turn, leading us into untouched hills and on towards the Verkhoyansk Mountains. Beneath their snow-clad peaks, the slopes became steeper and the valleys deeper. Down in a valley, we stopped to look at a hot spring beside the road. It was immediately obvious against the snow – a spot shrouded in heavy mist. Trees emerged from the strange haze as ghostly silhouettes.

Despite the magical ambience of the Siberian wilderness, its reputation for hardship hit me every time I climbed out of the vehicle. Within less than a minute, the skin all over my face began to feel as if it were burning. If I wasn’t wearing my two sets of gloves, I rapidly lost the feeling in my fingertips. I learned very quickly not to draw too deep a breath because the shock of the cold air in my lungs invariably set me off on an extended bout of coughing. Siberia in winter is a world barely fit for human habitation. This is a place of such searing cold that it bites through multiple layers of clothing as if they aren’t there.

Oymyakon is a quiet little town – the world’s coldest – of about 550 inhabitants, with its own power station, a school, two shops and a small hospital. It probably
originated as a seasonal settlement where reindeer herders spent the summer on
the banks of the Indigirka River.

The temperature when I arrived was -45°C – not particularly cold, I was informed. A number of factors combine to explain Oymyakon’s record low temperatures. It is far from the ocean, with its moderating effect on air temperature. In addition, the town sits in a valley, below the general level of the Oymyakon Plateau, which, in turn, is enclosed on all sides by mountains up to 2,000 meters in height. As the cold air sinks, it accumulates in the valley, with little wind to disturb it. Oymyakon’s average temperature in January is -50°C. Lower temperatures have been recorded in Antarctica, but there are no permanent inhabitants there.

Day-to-day life in Oymyakon presents certain challenges during the long winters.
There are hardly any modern household conveniences. Water is hacked out of the
nearby river as great chunks of ice and dragged home on a sledge. The giant ice
cubes are stacked outdoors and carried into the house one at a time to melt when
needed. The lack of running water also means no showers or baths, or indeed
flushing toilets. Since 2008, the town’s school has enjoyed the luxury of indoor
toilets, however. It’s one of the small numbers of civic buildings in the centre of
town that are linked to the power station.

Xususiyatlari:
Suvda erimaydi, lekin kuchli kislotalar bilan reaksiyaga kirishadi.
Oksidlanish-halqaga aylanish xususiyatiga ega, ya’ni kuchli oksidlovchilar ta’sirida Ni(OH)₂ → NiO(OH) ga aylanishi mumkin.
Barqaror modda, havo bilan tez oksidlanmaydi.
Hosil bo‘lishi:
Nikel (II) tuzlariga kuchli asos (NaOH yoki KOH) qo‘shilganda hosil bo‘ladi:
Reaksiya:
NiCl₂ + 2NaOH → Ni(OH)₂↓ + 2NaCl

Natijada och yashil rangli cho‘kma hosil bo‘ladi.

Kimyoviy xossalari:
1) Kislotalar bilan reaksiyasi:
Ni(OH)₂ + 2HCl → NiCl₂ + 2H₂O

2) Kuchli oksidlovchilar bilan reaksiyasi:
2Ni(OH)₂ + H₂O₂ → 2NiO(OH) + 2H₂O
(Bu jarayonda jigarrang NiO(OH) hosil bo‘ladi.)

3) Qizdirilganda parchalanishi:
Ni(OH)₂ → NiO + H₂O

Bu jarayonda qora rangli NiO (nikel oksid) hosil bo‘ladi.

Amaliy qo‘llanilishi:
Batareyalar va akkumulyatorlarda, ayniqsa, Ni-Cd va Ni-MH batareyalarida elektrodda qo‘llaniladi.
Katalizator sifatida kimyoviy jarayonlarda ishlatiladi.
Elektrokimyoviy jarayonlar va korroziyaga qarshi qoplamalarda foydalaniladi.

Odatda fast-food brendlari o‘z mahsulotlarini mukammal, yangi, ishtaha ochuvchi qilib ko‘rsatishga harakat qilishadi. Burger King esa bu qoidani buzib, 2020-yilda o‘zining mog‘or bosgan Whopper burgerini reklama qilgandi.

🎬 Ssenariy shunday:
– Kamera yangi, yorqin Whopper’ga yaqinlashadi…
– Sekundlar o‘tishi bilan burger asta-sekin mog‘or bilan qoplanib boradi (34 kunlik vaqt tezlashtirilgan holatda ko’rsatiladi)…
– Oxirida esa “Go‘zallik konservantlarsiz keladi” (The Beauty of No Artificial Preservatives) degan yozuv paydo bo‘ladi.

🔥 Odamlarning reaktsiyasi:
🟢 Ba’zilar: “Ajoyib! Tabiiy mahsulot ekan!”
🔴 Boshqalar: “Nima, endi biz buzilgan burger yemoqchimizmi?!”

Bu kampaniya oddiy reklama emas edi. Burger King fast-food sanoatining yashirin sirlarini ochib bergandi. Ular McDonald’s kabi raqobatchilarga nozik ishora berib, “bizning burger konservantlarsiz, shu sabab bizniki buziladi!”degan g‘oyani ilgari surishdi.

📈 Natija qanday bo‘ldi?
✔️ Kampaniya global shov-shuvga aylandi – bu haqida butun internet gapirdi.
✔️ McDonald’s bilan norasmiy “urush” kuchaydi – odamlar McDonald’s burgerlari nega buzilmasligi haqida yana bir bor o‘ylab ko‘rishdi.
✔️ Ba’zi mijozlar uchun bu innovatsion yondashuv bo‘lsa, boshqalar uni tushunmadi yoki yoqtirmadi.

🚀 Bu strategiya bizda ishlarmidi?
Bizning bozorda bunaqa strategiya ishlashi qiyinroq kechadi. Reklamada burger buzilayotganini ko‘rsak, bu “tabiiy” degan signal emas, balki “yaxshi saqlanmagan” degan taassurot qoldirishi mumkin. Chunki bizda hali ham marketingda “yaltir-yultir” reklamalarga ishonish kuchli. Lekin yosh avlod organik mahsulotlarga qiziqayotgani inobatga olinsa, bunday kampaniya uzoq muddatli ta’sir ko‘rsatishi ehtimoli yuqori.