It’s quite simple, really. It’s the process by which new information is transferred from our short term to our long-term memory. In other words, it’s all about making new knowledge stick.

Student retention is a major concern for educational institutions around the world. It is not only a problem for universities but has a direct link to the social, economic, and political growth of a country, for which higher education provides strong foundations. Without commitment and passion for learning, there is a high risk of dropping out. People who are determined to follow through on whatever they put their mind to be likely to succeed. In this case, people who commit themselves to their studies are likely to complete them. This sort of commitment and hard work might well follow a person into working life. Consequently, he or she will also be effective in completing future work tasks, which will be valuable to the employer. Thus, the improvement of student retention by delivering quality education in a setting that fosters commitment, leading to student graduation and integration into the workforce, is crucial.

Read up undergraduate project topics on learning and retention

Therefore, universities should stay attuned to students and find out about their feelings effectively. The collective information gathered can be used to form effective strategies to support the students and to help them become more engaged and integrated into academic life, leading to the prevention of drop-out problems. However, research indicates that academic goals, self-confidence, institutional commitment, social support, and particular contextual influences like institutional selectivity and financial support, in addition to social involvement, all have a positive relationship on student retention. Students who cannot develop these factors are more inclined to drop out.

The Need For Learning

We have a deep need to learn, to make sense of new things in the world around us, to discover how things work and how they fit in with all our other knowledge. Children in particular are driven to learn about their environment and consequently how to survive and thrive.

Learning is critical for evolution, where not understanding the world around you can be fatal. As a result, our brains give us a shot of natural opiates when we learn.

Learning And Retention Nexus

In light of the importance of word retention to learners’ overall academic success, many studies have been conducted to ascertain the most effective ways to facilitate the learning process of students. The rate of learning and retaining through an implicit approach is actually very low. This has led several scholars to become avid advocates of the explicit method of effective learning. Those in favor of this intentional learning approach believe that paying attention to new lexical items is necessary for effective leaning and retention to occur. However, it is not enough for teachers to teach, it is more important that students understand and retain what they are taught in class. There is a strong nexus between learning and retention and where this connection lies is in the ability of students to understand and retain what they are taught during teaching and learning process.

How To Improve The Level Of Learning And Retention

A) Memorizing

One of the many ways to improve the level of learning and retention is by memorizing. Students must learn to inculcate the habit of memorizing whatever they are taught in class by so doing it will be easier for you to retain and not forget easily what you learnt during teaching and learning process.

B) Create A Study Group

It is very important and advisable for students to create study group and be active members of these groups as well. Creating a study group will improve your level of comprehension and retention. Most at times what you do not understand during the teaching process in class will be made clear in simple terms during group study by those who have a better understanding of the subject.

Study group is an effective way of remembering all you’ve studied because you study with your friends or colleagues so at every point in time you are more likely to remember what a member of the group said or explanation he/she gave about a particular topic and that is an easy to improve your level of retention.

C) Engage In Mini Quiz

Engaging in mini quiz is another way to improve your level learning and retention. Mini quiz can be organized by study group members or even in class. Try as much as possible to partake in the quiz regardless of who organized it, it will help you greatly in learning and retention.

D) Try To Avoid Cramming

It is very important that students avoid the habit of cramming. Cramming can make you forget easily as well as inability to express yourself in your own words which most teachers and lecturers like. If you must improve on your kevel of learning and retention, then you must avoid cramming. Moreover, it is even easier for you to remember quickly what you understand about a particular topic in your own words than when you try to quote it verbatim which is an effect of cramming and it isn’t healthy for an effective learning and retention.

Conclusion

Conclusively, for an effective learning and retention it is important that students first of all make up their minds to learn. Developing a study habit is very important for an effective learning process. Develop an open mind to learn and with determination and consistency, the sky is your limit.

Read Up: Educational blog post

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Skill development has always been a problem for most people especially students and new graduated students. There are various skills undergraduate students can learn but the problem of seeing a place to learn such skills become a problem.

In Nigeria today, the rate of unemployment is very high. Graduates end up taking jobs they do not have passion for; some take up any available skill. Just to make ends meet.

There is variation in terms of socio economic status of students; most students in the university work and school at the same time while some wishes to work but could not find one.

Social Media

Social media presents vast opportunities as an effective communication and distribution channel, a tool to understand and influence the customer perception and behaviour and ability to bring people of the same interest together. It is therefore no longer a subject of discussion for organizations that want to have competitive advantage in the market place if they should use social media, but how and to what extent it should be used.

Social media has also become a valuable repository of information, especially data and information that provides valuable insight into the behaviour and perceptions of the users. Hence, it is important that organizations use social media to listen to the information available about the brand, product or service. Although it will be more beneficial for organizations to have a social media strategy that goes beyond listening to the information available about the organization’s brand or product on social media, to engaging the target audience using social media in order to take advantage of the opportunity that it presents.

Social media practitioners describe engagement as communicating, connecting and relating with the target market in their world enough to get their attention. This involves listening to the target market and providing communication that focuses on individuals rather than a mass market with a realistic message that the target market can relate to. Again, this emphasizes the individualistic and personalized touch required in social media, suggesting a new digital word of mouth concept that takes advantage of technology to spread messages on a one on one basis.

Skill development

Skills development is generally used to refer to the productive capabilities acquired through all levels of learning and training, occurring in formal, non-formal, informal and on-the-job settings. It enables individuals to become fully and productively engaged in livelihoods, and to have the opportunity to adapt these capabilities to meet the changing demands and opportunities of economy and labour market. The acquisition of such capabilities depends on many factors, including a quality lifelong learning system and a supportive learning environment. The types of skills required for employment can be divided into:

• Basic and foundation skills: which are acquired through the primary and secondary formal school system, or through non-formal and/or informal learning processes (e.g. active learning, oral expression, reading comprehension, written expression, ICT literacy, active listening). These are pre-requisites for acquiring further skills enhancing the prospect of sustainable employment.

• Transferable skills: which include the abilities to learn and adapt, solve problems, communicate ideas effectively, think critically and creatively and the ability to manage self and others. These skills enable people to adapt to different work environments as well as improving their opportunities to career-building.

• Technical and vocational skills: which are specialized skills, knowledge or know-how to perform specific duties or tasks, mainly in a professional environment. These include, but are not limited to, the traditional forms of technical and vocational education and training (TVET), skills acquired through the secondary level of the formal school system or through non-formal and/or informal learning processes.

• Professional and personal skills: including individual attributes relevant to work such as honesty, integrity, reliability, work ethic, and judgment.

Social Media and Skills Development Among Undergraduates

Social media is a very powerful tool, funny enough it is still under-utilized in Nigeria. There are various skills undergraduate students can learn from social media. There is various online training that can be followed on social media. Some of the marketable skills to learn as an undergraduate in tertiary institution are data analysis, programming, seminar and project coach. All these are skills that can be learnt. Let’s talk about data analysis; there is a branch of data analysis that focuses on undergraduate project topics development.

Project writing is usually a very big task for undergraduate students especially when they get to chapter three. Analyzing data for students can also be a good skill to learn while in school.

On the area of programming, digitalization has become the order of the day; programmers are one of important people in most organization especially in digital marketing firms in Nigeria. There are still various skills an undergraduate student can learn but I just mentioned but a few. All the student can do is to follow some of the research firms like uniprojectmaterials, nairaproject, projectregards etc on their facebook page or instagram to learn some these skills.

Everybody wants a brighter and better future for him or herself and most times to bring free form the shackles of poverty. Education is very important in any society and in the life of any individual that is why is seen as an agent of development and self reliance. Everyone therefore, seeks to be educated so as to be enlightened and a better future. But with education comes some sacrifices which could be in form of financial, moral, time, dedication, attention, and otherwise. But the financial aspect is the most important as virtually everything that has to do with been educated involves finance, you must have to spend money and lots of it. That is why we have the saying that “if you think education is expensive, try ignorant.” The financial aspect of education is what has stopped lots of young people form going to school because their parents or guardians cannot afford it. In some situation you see some young people who are so desperate about getting educated looking for menial jobs to do just to see themselves through school. They end up schooling and working at the same time. However, the idea of schooling and working at the same time might sound difficult or almost impossible to some undergraduate Nigerian students because of the stress that comes with attending lectures, doing assignments and private study. However, this notion may be correct but not impossible. Not every student is fortunate and lucky to come from wealthy or even average homes that afford to pay all their fees and meet their needs as well. Some students will have to work so hard by looking for a menial job or little business that requires little or no capital to start to see themselves through school. some of them their parent will have to go the extra miles like working overtime and doing just any decent job regardless of how it looks like or the perception of people about the work all in a bit to send their children to school and also keep them in school. Therefore, in most cases for students who come from such families that their parent value education but are not financially capacitated to sponsor them through school especially the higher institution, may decide to look for means to see themselves through school with the support of their parents. Some of them end up working not minding the amount paid as salary or they may decide to start up a little business that demands little capital to start all in a bid to be able to pay their bills in school. However, the situation that left some undergraduate students with the option of working and schooling at the same time can be stressful and also pose a threat to their academic performance as their attention will be divided between their jobs and school activities. They will not have enough time to study and even attend lectures. The divided attention and lack of time to study might affect their academic performance in a negative way. Therefore, it is important that for those students who work and school to understand that they need to strike a balance between their work and school. None should be left to suffer as both are very important. The work is needed to be able to pay school fees and other school requirements, same way the school is needed for a brighter future and societal development.

STUDENTS ECONOMIC STATUS

The economic status of students has to do with their family background. Some students come for a wealthy family, some average whole some come from poor families who can barely feed not to talk of sending their children to school especially the higher institution.

As a result of the poor economic status of students, they may be left with no other option than to resort to looking for jobs to support themselves through school unlike the children of the rich who have parents that are economically buoyant and can afford almost anything especially their educational fees. These economic difference that exist between students also have effect in their academic performance this is because children from wealthy homes most times are more stable, relax and pay more attention to their studies because they have nothing to worry about as regards their needs in school as against students from poor homes who have to work so hard to be able to pay school fees as a result may be distracted from their study. Some of them even get to loss focus along the way as some of them even have their family members depending on them for financial assistance.

WHY STUDENT WORK AND SCHOOL AT THE SAME TIME

There are many reasons why students work and school at the same time, but the most common reason is finance. Education is expensive if not you may want to try ignorance and know what it feels like. Nobody wants to be a mediocre and not want to have a better future for him/herself as well as contribute positively to the society. Therefore, it can be okay to say that “education is money.” Students working and schooling at the same time is mostly for students for come from poor homes where parents cannot afford to send them to school, they however, resort to helping themselves out in any little way they can even of it means doing menial jobs just to see themselves through school to be better persons and break the shackles of poverty and ignorant in the family.

Another reason why some students work and school is to support their families and themselves with the little their parents are able to afford and give to them. Sometimes, the money given to students by their parents may not be substantial enough to meet their needs, so they look for legal and decent ways to support themselves and families financially.

HOW TO STRIKE A BALANCE

Getting a job to support yourself in school is very good and a welcomed idea, but you must also understand that the reason of you been ion school must not be neglected, do not lose focus where you are trying to make some money for your education. If the reason you are school suffers or you are unable to achieve it at the end of the day, it becomes your loss and a wasted effort in the first place. Therefore it is very important that you try as much as possible to strike a balance and look for a landing ground between your school and work so that none suffers out of neglect, lack of time, and dedication. Below are some ways you can strike a balance between your work and school.

A) GET A JOB THAT INVOLVES SHIFT

Ione of the ways to strike a balance between your work and school is to get a job that involves shift that is night and day shift. While looking for a job to support yourself in school, have it in mind that you also need time to study in as much as you need the money to pay your fees and meet other needs. A shifting job is the best if you must work and school at the same this is because it will allow you some time to focus on your study, so that your academic performance don’t suffer along the line.

B) HIRE A WRITER FOR ASSIGNMENT HELP

Secondly, you can also choose to hire a writer for your assignments and also your undergraduate project topics. This option can be considered if you do not have enough time to study or sometimes miss lectures. However, you must understand that hiring a writer is not a room for you to be lazy and be aloof of all your academic activities as that is the reason why you are in school in the first place; the option of hiring a writer is just to assist you when the chips are down and you are behind schedule for submission of your assignment or undergraduate project work as a result of your work.

C) KEEP IN TOUCH WITH YOUR COLLEAGUES IN SCHOOL

It is also very important that while you are working which may not give you all the time to attend lectures and other academic activities, you must endeavor to always keep in touch with your colleagues in school to keep you updated on the happenings in school especially as it regards your academics. Ask them questions like is there any assignment and date of submission, what course was taught and other relevant questions so that you don’t miss out on important academic activities.

D) EXPLAIN YOUR SITUATION TO YOUR DEPARTMENT HEAD

Explaining your situation to your department head is also another way to manage working and schooling at the same time. You should have a mutual relationship and always keep in touch with whoever is your departmental head so that he/ she can know when to cover up for you and also inform you of any important academic exercise.

E) LEARN TO MULTITASK

For any students who has chosen to work and school whether by choice or poor financial condition, must have it in mind that he/she has decided to multitask and be very good at it. It is important that you learn the multitasking skill as it will help you a great deal especially if you are working and schooling at the same. You will definitely need to attend to more than one thing as well as give attention to them all. The multitasking skill enables you to strike a balance between working and schooling as well ensuring either of them suffers.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, students who are not fortunate to come from financially buoyant homes and seek to support themselves in any little way they can must do so legally and decently. They must also understand that it will require them putting more efforts such as extra time, dedication, and attention to be able to strike a balance between their work and school. They must make sure to keep themselves abreast with whatever that is happening in their department and the school at large through keeping in touch with their colleagues. Make sure not to lose focus and reason why you are in school in the first place.

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Project writing is what undergraduate student must encounter in their years of study in the university. Even before they get to final year, they will be briefed on project writing. This is to get them ready both mentally and psychologically. Therefore, the process of project writing will require them to make intensive research and come up with a well formulated and articulated project topic and then sort ways to source out project materials for their research work.

Conducting research can be a powerful experience for students. It comes with lots of benefits to both students and the entire education system. It helps to increase research awareness and enthusiasm in undergraduate students; it also improves professional presentation and self evaluation skills as well as promotion of active learning and collaboration with fellow students, supervisors, and professors of the school. The research carried out by undergraduate students makes an original intellectual or creative contribution to their various disciplines.

However, irrespective of the interesting and beneficial part of research comes with it some challenges and one of those challenges are sourcing out materials for research work. Some students get frustrated along the way in project writing because they find it challenging and almost impossible to get materials for their research work especially project topics that are complex or lacks written journals. That is why it is advisable for undergraduate students to choose project topics that are on happenings in the society and events they are familiar and conversant with. That way sourcing for materials won’t be difficult.

UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT

Undergraduate project is a research work done by undergraduate students to solve an identified problem and make appropriate recommendations. Undergraduate research projects can be designed to fit a variety of class constructs and to promote student learning at all levels of undergraduate education. Undergraduate research projects can be student or faculty initiated, and students can either participate in a work in progress or enter a project at its start.

HOW TO SOURCE FOR MATERIALS

Sourcing for materials for research work wouldn’t be much of a problem only if undergraduate students understand that their choice of a project topic will determine how fast and available the materials will be. Avoid choosing project topics that have no futuristic scope or project topics that are obsolete. When you choose project topics that are based on the happenstances in the society and of course have a futuristic scope, you can easily source out materials for the research work.

You must also have an understanding of your project topic. Nobody should choose your project topics; however, suggestions can be made but not enforcing the project topic on you not even your supervisors should do that. This is because when project topics are enforced on students, they write such topics in frustration and much stress. They even find it difficult expressing themselves especially on the day of project defence. So therefore, it is advisable that students be left to choose project topics themselves, they will find it interesting to write and research as well as express them very well.

To source for research materials you must go beyond your immediate environment, ask questions, seek peoples advise and opinions on where and how to get materials for your research project topics. However, if you do not understand your research project topic, it becomes difficult to know where to get materials from. You can also seek the help of your supervisor on how and where you can source out materials for your research work. The internet is another place you can source out materials from. You can type in your topic, you may be lucky to find some journals on them, read through the journals and extract the information you need make sure it is related with your project topic.

HOW TO WRITE UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT WITH LIMITED MATERIALS

A) HANDLE THE VARIABLES ONE AFTER THE OTHER

In every project topic, it is expected that it has two or more variables which are dependent and independent variables. Avoid making the mistake of treating the variables as one or together. It is expected that you treat each of these variables separately and independently. This will help you give a clear explanation of each variable. Therefore, in situations where you are left with limited materials for your research work, this strategy of treating and handling variables one after the other will be of great help. It will give you more points.

B) WRITE IN YOUR OWN WORDS

Writing in your own words shouldn’t be much of a problem if you understand your project topic very well and also familiar with it. You write more when you are the originator of a topic; it only shows that you understand the topic very well.

Writing in your own words is another way of writing undergraduate project when you have limited materials. A topic you understand very well, won’t give much of difficulty writing and expressing yourself in it, you can also flow freely in writing the research work.

C) DOWNLOAD RELATED JOURNALS AND EXTRACT INFORMATION FROM IT

Other way undergraduate students can write research work with limited materials is by downloading related journals. The internet is a home for information, you can go to the internet, type in your project topic add pdf to it, you will see written journals related to your project topic, open the journal that is related to your project topic, read through the journals and extract the information you need form it and use it for your research work but make sure to acknowledge the writer.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the first step to successful project writing is the choice of project topic and knowledge on how to source out for the materials. Choose topics you are familiar with and materials can be easily accessible, that way you will not be frustrated as regards searching for materials for your research work.

Student’s academic performance and graduation rates have been the area of interest for higher education institutions especially in regards to their project topics and other research work. The term instructional is described as an adjective derived from the concept of instruction and it connotes when someone teaches people something. Instructional delivery models on the other hand are methods, strategies, approaches or even techniques that a teacher employ to deliver his/her subject matter of a lesson to the learners. It can as well be regarded as a representation of a pattern in which a lesson is to be presented.

Education is one of the imperative aspects that not only inculcates the essential skills, abilities and knowledge among the individuals, but also leads to overall growth and progress of the individuals, community, and nation as a whole. An educated person is not only able to accomplish his desired goals and objectives, but is also able to render an efficient contribution towards the well-being of the community. The inculcation of academic knowledge, skills, abilities, and proficiency among the individuals is enhanced through learning and academic performance. The primary purpose of teaching at any level of education is to bring a fundamental change in the learner. To facilitate the process of knowledge transmission, teachers should apply appropriate teaching methods that best suit specific objectives and level exit outcomes.

Quite remarkably, regular poor academic performance by the majority students is fundamentally linked to application of ineffective teaching methods by teachers to impact knowledge to learner. Substantial research on the effectiveness of teaching methods indicates that the quality of teaching is often reflected by the achievements of learners. Teaching is a process that involves bringing about desirable changes in learners so as to achieve specific outcomes. In order for the method used for teaching to be effective, teachers need to be conversant with numerous teaching strategies that take recognition of the magnitude of complexity of the concepts to be covered.

INSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERY METHOD

The process of instructional delivery must be based on stated objectives of the lesson, it is based on this that when the process of instructional delivery is over, then the opportunity to determine if the aim of the lesson has been achieved or not comes, which is the evaluation act that will tell if the lesson met stated objectives. Instructional delivery has been seen as the process showing every activity the teacher and the learner does in a classroom setting. So every effort that the teacher makes in order to have a fruitful time with the students by exposing the contents, employing methods, strategies, the pupils interaction with the environment, resources available and even the evaluation process sums up to mean instructional delivery. When a teacher consciously utilizes his training, knowledge, skills and value and relays it in order to change the behavioral position of the learner, he is carrying out instructional delivery. Instructional delivery is the knowledge of teaching techniques and their application for learning to take place in such a flexible manner that would not distort the original intent of the teacher for being in the classroom.

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Performance is defined as the observable or measurable behaviour of a person an animal in a particular situation usually experimental situation. This means that performance measures the aspect of behaviour that can be observed at a specific period. To determine performance, a performance test is conducted. Academic performance test is a type of mental test in which the subject is asked to do something rather than to say something. Performance test is the type of test which throws light on the ability to deal with things rather than symbols.

STUDENTS COGNITIVE ABILITY

Cognitive skills, also called cognitive functions, cognitive abilities, or cognitive capacities, are brain-based skills which are needed in acquisition of knowledge, manipulation of information, and reasoning.

INSTRUCTIONAL DELIVERY AND STUDENT LEVEL OF COGNITION

From the foregoing, it is clear to us that one model of instruction will not be able to bring about an effective instructional delivery that can produce the kind of result desired from the learners.

The nature of this subject will demand for the teacher to employ numerous models, methods, strategies, approaches or techniques to ensure that the learners learn indeed after every instruction. So because we have earlier established that instructional delivery is a deliberate interface between the learner and the learning activities, therefore, it is from this interaction process that learning actually takes place. This interface is the implementation stage of the curriculum. Here, the teacher, the learner, and the learning activities are on stage. The teacher who is the leader on this stage is free at this point to modify the plan of action based on the reaction of the learners to the learning activities in order to promote learning. The modification act would now make him to employ any of the instructional delivery models which are presented under three categories of: cognitive development models, affective development models and the psychomotor development models. These models for the cognitive may include Discussion, Questioning, Team teaching, Talk and Chalk, Field trips etc.

CONCLUSION

In light of the fact that learning is a process that involves investigating, formulating, reasoning and using appropriate strategies to solve problems, teachers should realize that it becomes more effective if the students are tasked to perform rather than just asked to remember some information. A typical learning environment with a presentation from the course teacher accompanied by a lecture neither promotes learners’ participation nor build the required level of reasoning among students. Students build a better understanding of the main concepts more effectively when they are engaged to solve problems during class activities.

All over the globe, societal challenges such as corruption, stigmatization, tribalism, social inequality, public health challenges to mention but a few continue to impede the development of nations. One of significant societal challenges generating debates amongst researchers and plaguing developing and developed societies is the teenage pregnancy as its impact on societal advancement, mortality rate, educational enrollment and attainment as well as child and psychological development has reached alarming levels globally. Teenage pregnancy therefore, can be described as the pregnancy by an adolescent or under-aged female between the ages of thirteen to nineteen years. It is also seen as a societal problem that sees adult functions such as sexual intercourse, nursing and reproduction performed by an individual deemed by the society as a child.

It is believed that victims of teenage pregnancy lacked information or probably were not adequately educated on safe-sex either by their parents, schools or development agencies that could have enabled them deal with friends who lure them into sex prematurely. Stressing that, children of single parents are more vulnerable to teenage pregnancy. Again exposure to most sexual content on television, sexuality in the media and pornographic and sex chart rooms by teenagers, could most likely tune them to engage in sexual activities.

The effect of teenage pregnancy not only on the teenage-mother, but also her child could be devastating. It has been observed that most teenage mothers could not continue with their education. Even if the teenage-mother eventually gets married, she becomes the primary care-taker and her chances of furthering her education decreases drastically. However, the consequence extends to the children. Teenage mothers tend to face more hardships, which extends beyond birth and have higher risks which is usually plagued by intellectual language and socio-emotional delays, resulting to their education not doing well in relation to child development and school readiness.

Teenage pregnancy leads to having a poorer educational outcome. In addition to pregnancy leading to poorer educational levels, parents’ response to their teenage daughter’s pregnancy played a role in their educational attainment; pregnant teenagers with supportive parents were able to go farther in their educational career than their counterparts. More so, a victim of unplanned pregnancy is likely to suffer or experience depression, frustration, fear and other emotional problems. Hence, the heightened risk for educational issues and injuries with children of adolescent parents is associated not with the influence of young age but the confounding influences of associated socio-demographic factors. Most teenagers become pregnant after they have hooked-up with their partners because of aggressiveness and curiosity of having sex.

EARLY PREGNANCY

Teenage pregnancy refers to pregnancies which occur when the girl child is below the age of 18 years. Unwanted, unplanned and out of wedlock. Teenage pregnancy may occur as a result of early maturity with good physical features, sometimes coupled with the onset of menstruation that varies from person to person, especially exposing a young girl to peer's influence.

CAUSES OF EARLY PREGNANCY

A) FAMILY BACKGROUND

The family background of a girl child is one of the causes of pregnancy. This is more prevalent in families that are poor or struggling to survive. The girl child might be tempted and influenced to have sexual relation with the opposite sex in exchange for money.

B) PEER GROUP

Peer pressure continues to destroy teenagers all over the world. Friends are known to be critical instruments of socialization and establish standards of behavior while serving as role models hence altering the sexual behavior and beliefs of the teenagers. In most cases they allow their decisions regarding sex be influenced by their peers.

There are situations where parents for the love for acquiring more wealth tend not to give attention to their children and careless of their activities. In such situation, the children find attention among their peers who could influence them positively or negatively.

C) CULTURE

Culture is people’s way of life. It encompasses the way they eat, their food, their dress, beliefs etc. therefore, the cultural belief of a people could be that they belief in early marriages as well belief that the place of a woman is in the kitchen and an instrument of child bearing. Therefore it is a total waste of resources to train the girl child in school. This cultural belief is one of the causes of early pregnancy of the girl child.

D) LACK OF COUNSELING

Lack of counseling is another cause of early pregnancy. Most people especially teenagers are unaware of the danger of having sexual relation with the opposite sex and the implication it has on their dreams and goals in life. Early pregnancy can deter on the purpose and dreams of the girl child. However, with proper counseling and guidance, the girl child will be saved from the regret that is accompanied with early pregnancy.

GIRL CHILD EDUCATION

Pregnancy of the girl-child has a devastating effect on the parents and ambition or career of the girl-child. A Pregnant girl face the trauma of parents and peers showdown. Here some parent become angry and fail to give support for the preservation of the girl and the unborn baby. For the girl child the trauma that comes with an early pregnancy is overwhelming such as loss of respect from friends and associates and the frustration is also more from rejection by parents and even the opposite sex who is responsible for the pregnancy and his parents most times.

The socio-economic, medical and psychological impact of pregnancy and parenthood in teenagers is overwhelming. Early motherhood affect the girl-child in the following ways: Psychosocial development of the infant, the children born are more likely to be born prematurely with a low birth rate predisposing them to many other life-long conditions. Children of teens mothers are at high risk intellectually, language and socio-emotional delays due lack of child care. Developmental disabilities and behavioral issues are on the increase due to ignorant of proper health care information.

As a result of early pregnancy, the girl child drop out of school since there is no one to give support and this would derail the girl and her child. However, the lack of care and support make them to become victims of child abuse and other societal vices.

EARLY PREGNANCY AND GIRL CHILD EDUCATION

Early pregnancy comes with a lot of setbacks academically. Pregnant teenage girls usually find it difficult to join their colleagues in day to day departmental assignments, sourcing of project materials for research purposes. More so teenage pregnancy is one of the social ills that affect society. The existence of teenage pregnancy do not auger well for the development of the girl-child. This is attributable to the girls’ age and the absence of any consistent means of support to care for the children and themselves when they should have been in school. It is alleged that teenage pregnancy and its associated motherhood are characterized with shame, disgrace, and school dropout and sometimes end of the individual’s dreams of achieving higher pursuits.

Well matured girls without adequate social training and self-discipline usually see sex as a means of social, economic, and emotional gratification and hastily go into it and become pregnant. it is indeed an over-pressing problem because of the enormous demands that sexual issues make on young persons. Sometimes, teenage pregnancy occurs as a result of sexual abuse that is rampant in our society today. It is evident for a child abused at a very early age to fulfill an adult or older sibling’s functions. The result of sexual abuse, however, is not restricted to problems in one's sexual life; they impair the development of themselves as an autonomous personality.

Most pregnant teenagers are expelled from their place of study and may not have the opportunity of being reabsorbed to the school system. This break in academic pursuit could hinder the future development opportunity as well as the quantity of life of the young person. In many societies, people stigmatize the pregnant teens. This act has to do with feelings of shame, guilt, anger, denial, and depression. Teenage pregnancy can be a contributing factor in cold self-esteem. Teens who got married at an early age are often afraid to tell friends, parents or other family members about their pregnancy which can lead to further anxiety, grief and aberration or even death in the society. Consequently, teenage pregnancy can lead to adverse emotional and psychological effects including resentment or anger which can be severe.

CONCLUSION

Conclusively, teenage pregnancy over the years has constituted significant educational and socio-economic challenges to societies. This rise in teenage pregnancy can be attributed to lack of education, poverty, sexual violence, and peer pressure to mention a few. There are number of consequences of teenage pregnancy which include; abortion, early child marriage, sexually transmitted diseases, mortality, school drop-out, and depression. One of the significant impacts of teenage pregnancy in the society is the reduction in school enrollment or drop outs in education. This is as a result of the fact that teenage pregnancy has consequence on the teenagers, parents, the child, health sector, and society in general.

There is need for sex education by parents and teachers as well with emphasis on the consequences of early pregnancy and an illegal sexual relation. It could result in an unwanted pregnancy, dropping out of school, rape, sexually transmitted Infections such as HIV/AIDS. The girl child by all means must be protected by all in the society.