Direct and indirect (reported) speech
▪️ Ingliz tilida ham oʻzbek tilida boʻlgani kabi koʻchirma gap (direct speech) va oʻzlashtirma gaplar (indirect speech) mavjud boʻlib, soʻzlashuv va yozma nuqtda juda koʻp qoʻllaniladi.
▪️ Koʻchirma gap - bu muallifning nutqini hech qanday oʻzgarishsiz, oʻz holicha yetkazadigan gapdir.
▪️ Oʻzlashtirma gap - bu muallifning nutqini zamonga va shaxsga moslashtirib boshqa birovga yetkazadigan gapdir. Misol uchun quyidagi gapni koʻrib chiqamiz:
🔸Tom said 'I am tired'. (Tom said - muallif gapi, 'I am tired' -koʻchirma gap, Tomning aytgan gapi hech qanday oʻzgarishsiz berilgan.)
🔸Tom said that he was tired. (Tom said - muallif gapi, 'he was tired' - oʻzlashtirma gap, Tomning aytgan gapi zamonga va shaxsga qarab moshlashtirilgan)
▪️ Umumiy qoidaga koʻra, koʻchirma gapni oʻzlashtirma gapga aylashtirish uchun koʻchirma gapdagi zamon bir zamon orqaga suriladi, shaxs, olmosh va boshqa payt ravishlari oʻzgartiriladi.
▪️Zamonlarning oʻzgarish tartibini koʻrib chiqamiz :
1. Present Simple Tense➡️ Past Simple Tense
🔸He said 'My mother is a lawyer' ➡️ He said that his mother was a lawyer.
🔸He said 'I don't like coffee' He said that he didn't like coffee.
2. Present Continuous Tense ➡️ Past Continuous Tense
🔸He said 'I am having my hair cut today' ➡️ He said that he was having his hair cut that day.
3. Past Simple Tense ➡️ Past Perfect Simple Tense
🔸He said 'I started out as a teacher' ➡️ He said that he had started out as a teacher.
4. Past Continuous Tense ➡️ Past Perfect Continuous Tense
🔸He said 'I was having a bath at five oʻclock yesterday' ➡️ He said that he had been having a bath at five oʻclock the day before.
5. Present Perfect Simple Tense ➡️ Past Perfect Simple Tense
🔸He said 'I have passed my driving test.' ➡️ He said that he had passed his driving test.
6. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ➡️ Past Perfect Continuous Tense
🔸He said 'I have been having English lessons for a year.' ➡️ He said that he had been having English lessons for a year.
▪️ Modal fe'llar va boshqa yordamchi fe'llar quyidagicha oʻzgaradi:
1. will/shall ➡️ would/should
🔸He said 'Tom will win the match' ➡️ He said (that) Tom would win the match.
2. can ➡️ could
🔸He said 'I can speak five languages' ➡️ He said (that) he could speak five languages.
3. must/have to/has to ➡️ had to
🔸He said 'I have to/must goʻ ➡️ He said (that) he had to go.
4. may ➡️ might
🔸He said 'Tom may win the match' ➡️ He said (that) Tom might win the match.
⚠️Boshqa vaziyatlarda koʻchirma gapda qoʻllanilgan might/could/should/would/ought to modal fe'llari oʻzgarmay qolgani ma'qul.
💡must modal fe'li koʻchirma gapda majburiyatni bildirib kelgan paytlarda had to modal fe'liga oʻzgarishi, buyruq (talab) yoki mantiqiy xulosani bildirib kelganda esa oʻzgarmasdan qolishi kerak.
🔸He said 'I must go now' (majburiyat) ➡️ He said that he had to go then.
🔸'You must do your homework' said Father to his son. (buyruq, talab) ➡️ Father said that he must do his homework.
Muallif: Khamdambek Atajanov
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