Yordamchi fe'llarning qo'llanishi
▪️ Ingliz tilida yordamchi fe'llar mustaqil ma'no anglatmasada, soʻroq va inkor gaplarni hosil qilishda va ba'zan asosiy fe'lga qoʻshimcha ma'no yuklash (modal fe'llar) uchun qoʻllaniladi. Quyidagi roʻyxatda asosiy yordamchi fe'llar keltirilgan:
▫️ am/is/are ▫️ was/were ▫️ would ▫️ may ▫️ must ▫️ can ▫️ have/has ▫️ could ▫️ might ▫️ shall ▫️ will ▫️ do/does/did ▫️ should ▫️ need
▪️ Mazkur mavzuda biz yordamchi fe'llarning muhim vazifalaridan yana biri boʻlgan asosiy fe'lni qayta takrorlamaslik vazifasini koʻrib chiqamiz. Quyidagi gapni tahlil qilamiz:
🔸Do you smoke? ➡️ I did but I don't any more.
⚠️Aslida bu gap I smoked but I don't smoke any more shaklida keltirilishi kerak edi, ammo smoke fe'li qayta takrorlamasdan, faqatgina did va don't yordamchi fe'llarini qoʻllash bilan ham mazmunni ifodalash mumkin.
▪️ DTM tomonidan qoʻllanadigan test savollarida quyidagi qurilmalar juda koʻp qoʻllaniladi:
1. but - lekin, ammo, biroq bog'lovchisi bilan bog'langan gaplar. Bunday gaplarda birinchi gap boʻlishli, ikkinchi gap boʻlishsiz yoki aksincha boʻladi.
🔸I like going for long walks but Tom doesn't. (=doesn't like)
🔸They can't ride a bicycle but I can. (=can ride)
2. and - va, ham, hamda bog'lovchisi bilan bog'langan gaplar. Bunday gaplarda birinchi gap qanday boʻlsa, ikkinchi gap ham shunday qurilmada boʻladi va birinchi gapning mazmuniga qarab ikkinchi gapda so/neither/nor/either soʻzlari ishtirok etadi. Ikkinchi gapdagi yordamchi fe'lning oʻrniga e'tibor bering.
🔸I like going for long walks and so does Tom.
🔸They can't ride a bicycle and neither/nor can I.
🔸We haven't bought a house this year and our neighbours haven't either.
3. too - ham degan ma'noda qoʻllaniladi va darak gap oxirida keladi.
🔸I am happy. He is happy too.
4. either - ham degan ma'noda qoʻllanadi va inkor gap oxirida keladi.
🔸I didn't like the film. Tom didn't like the film either.
5. so - ham degan ma'noda oldin aytilgan boʻlishli fikrga qoʻshilish uchun ishlatiladi. E'tiborli jihati - so + yordamchi fe'l + ega qurilmasiga amal qilish kerak.
🔸A: I have been to the USA ➡️ B: So has Tom
🔸A: Jane was late this morning. ➡️ B: So were her brothers.
🔸A: I went to Bukhara last year. ➡️ B: So did we.
🔸A: He is coming to the party.➡️ B: So is Jack.
🔸A: We should take care of it. ➡️ B: So should they.
6. neither/nor - ham degan ma'noda oldin aytilgan boʻlishsiz fikrga qoʻshilish uchun ishlatiladi. E'tiborli jihati - neither/nor + boʻlishli yordamchi fe'l + ega qurilmasiga amal qilish kerak.
🔸A: She hasn't found a job yet. ➡️B: Neither/nor have I.
🔸A: We don't often see Tom. ➡️ B: Neither/nor do I.
🔸A: I didn't go to Bukhara last year. ➡️B: Neither/nor did we.
🔸A:She didn't expect him to come. ➡️ B: Neither/nor did Jane.
⚠️Eslatma: no/none/nobody/no-one/nothing/nowhere/barely/seldom/scarcely/ hardly/ rarely soʻzlari ham mazmunan inkor soʻzlar hisoblanadi va ular qatnashgan gaplarga qoʻshilish uchun neither/nor soʻzlarini ishlatish lozim.
🔸A: Nobody did their homework. ➡️ B: Neither/nor did I.
🔸A: We never drink tea. ➡️ B: Neither/nor do they.
7. Biror bir fikrga munosabat bildirishning boshqa usullari ham mavjud. Bular I think so/I don't think so/I hope/I hope not/ I am afraid so/I am afraid not/I suppose so/ I don't suppose so gaplari orqalidir.
🔸It is going to rain.
➖I don't think so (fikrga qoʻshilmaslik)
➕I think so (fikrga qoʻshilish)
🔸Do you speak English?
➖I am afraid not. (I don't speak English)
🔸Is he ill?
➖I hope not. (he is not ill)
Muallif: Khamdambek Atajanov
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