Democracy in ancient Greece

Emergence and Development

Democracy in Athens originated in the late 6th century BCE through the reforms of figures such as Solon, Clisthenes, and Pericles.

Solon (ca. 594 BC):
Solon's Reforms: Solon introduced a number of reforms to reduce social tensions and prevent tyranny. He abolished debt slavery and introduced reforms that strengthened the role of the popular assembly (Ekklesia).

Clysphenes (ca. 508-507 BC):
Clysphenes' Reforms: Clysphenes introduced reforms that strengthened democratic principles. He divided citizens into ten phratries (tribes) and established a Council of Five Hundred (Boule) elected from representatives of each phratry.

The main institutions of Athenian democracy were
Ecclesia: A popular assembly in which all free male citizens over the age of 18 could participate. The ekklesia debated and passed laws, decided matters of war and peace, and elected officials.

Boulet (Council of Five Hundred): Elected from representatives of the ten factria and prepared the agenda for the Ecclesia. The Boule also supervised the execution of the decisions of the Ecclesia and managed the daily affairs of the city.

Areopagus: A judicial body that dealt with cases involving religion and murder. Initially the Areopagus had considerable powers, but its role diminished over time.

Principles and characteristics of Athenian democracy
Direct participation: Citizens themselves participated in decision-making, which distinguished Athenian democracy from modern representative democracies.
Toss and election: Many positions were allocated by lot, which ensured equality of opportunity for all citizens. However, important positions, such as strategists, were elected.
Payment for Participation: The introduction of payment for participation in the Ecclesia and other governing bodies allowed even poor citizens to participate in political life.