Leaving the settlement in case of emergency
Chapter 1: Why
⠀The first thing required is to determine that the city must be abandoned. Of course, you won't be able to determine this in time. But if you realize it before anyone else, your chances of leaving the city safely increase.
⠀The first question that arises: and why actually need to leave such a warm and comfortable city. The answer is simple - absolutely no reason, now. ⠀But our infrastructure, especially urban infrastructure, is so vulnerable that if it collapses, a person in the city will not survive, at least most of them. After all, the city does not produce food, constantly requires energy both electric and fuel, plus continuous supply of water and sewerage services. Now imagine if one of those things were to disappear.
⠀ So, let's say the city is blocked from food supplies. Day one, everything's fine. Day two - the most popular products start to disappear from the stores, although there is bread and milk from the factory, but the prices will double. Day three - products disappear, prices rise, the government says all is well soon all will be brought. Day four - panic from stores buy up everything edible at crazy prices. Day five - no food in the stores. Day six, seven and eight. Strikes and rallies of hungry people. Day nine - the crowd turns its gaze to food stores and warehouses, suddenly what is left, pogroms and looting of stores, warehouses of rich houses, someone at the noise began to rob a jewelry store and anarchy began. In two more days the hungry crowd will be divided into those who look for and eat animals pigeons rats rats cats dogs. And those who seek out those people who have something to eat and take it away by force. Another week will pass and cannibalism will begin. People will starve to death, first children and the elderly, then everyone.
⠀ Another option is to cut off the water, all of it, stop pumping sewage. The first and second day, all the liquid you can drink disappears from the stores. The sewage from the houses is poured into the street. A couple more days and people start drinking water from canals and rivers, the streets stink of filth. They start poisoning, infectious diseases, dysentery, typhoid, fever, death from diseases, overcrowded hospitals, but what can doctors do without clean water. People start dying one by one, the stench is unbearable, epidemics.
⠀ Lack of electricity and fuel will lead, pumping hydro system will stop, food will spoil and water supply will disappear, although dangerous in itself only in winter people will freeze in the first few days will burn everything that burns, and then everything.
⠀ And if all at once. Of course, realizing that the situation is hopeless people will run away from the city, but it will be too late. It's hard to go far away when you haven't eaten for three days and you have no food, it's hard to leave when your eyes are dark from dehydration, or it's hard to leave on frostbitten feet. It's gonna be too late. And do not hope for transportation at the exits of the city will be such traffic jams and crowds that there is not that to pass, you can not pass, and there will definitely be those who will take advantage of the situation will rob and loot. And the worst thing is that the crowd walking by will not intervene when you are robbed or killed.
⠀ But many of you will say, how can all this happen, because everything has always been fine. It's you all was well, but the world is changing, and modern mankind is too vulnerable, because 50% of it live in cities and can not independently get food (go to the supermarket does not count). And anything can happen. War, conventional chemical, nuclear, natural disaster, volcanic eruption, earthquake, flood, epidemic, chemical plant accident, nuclear power plant explosion, rebellion, mass unrest caused by anything.
⠀Remember, if you react in time you and your loved ones will survive, of course you can hope for the state, but history says that this is not always justified.
⠀ Above are given approximate terms of events, and remember all that promises the state on the terms should be multiplied by three, if they said that you will be evacuated in a week, then perhaps for you will come in three.
Chapter 2: With what and where
Well, now let's imagine that something happened. Of course, every situation has its own peculiarities, and we'll talk about that in the next chapter. So the first question is what to take?
⠀Be aware that the load should be such that you can walk many kilometers with it.
Here is an approximate table of how much a person can carry on average, below the table are modifiers to it.
*It is not recommended to exceed the norm if you do not have experience of walking with a load for 5-6 hours, more than 5 kg.
**5 kg overload is considered normal, because 5 kg is water, and another 5 kg is food, and they tend to run out.
⠀⠀1 Money and documents - take money and identity documents for you and your children.
⠀⠀2 Clothes and shoes - of course it all depends on the time of year, but still remember that it is colder at night and that there is no telling when you will be back.
Below is a list of clothes in which you can move around in up to -10 and be stationary in -20. Something on you, something to spare.
⠀⠀ Underwear - Warm is best. Two or three sets.
⠀⠀⠀Socks - Three pairs, at least one pair should be warm.
⠀⠀⠀Pants - Girls immediately forget about skirts. Ideal option is a good camouflage, suitable and jeans, in the extreme case of dense pants where the basis of cotton. Two pieces.
⠀⠀Podpants or tights warm. One.
⠀⠀⠀Mike - preferably a calf, a warm cotton T-shirt. Two pieces.
⠀⠀⠀Sweater - Better purely woolen, but any warm thing will do. One. ⠀⠀⠀Fall jacket - Camouflage, overalls, dense fall jacket.One
⠀⠀⠀Hat - Regular knit. One.
⠀⠀⠀Windproof suit - Special suit, poncho, military raincoat, ordinary waterproof raincoat, polyethylene cape (preferably several), at least an umbrella. One piece.
⠀⠀Gloves - thin gloves with insulation. One pair.
⠀⠀⠀Boots are better, but you should get used to them, and always put them on two socks, kirzovye boots or ordinary boots, but without heels, insulated boots. Two pairs
⠀⠀3 Backpack - the more the better, but not more than 120 liters. Ordinary hiking ones are fine. No stuff in your hands, or you won't get far. Some things can be tied to it.
⠀⠀4 Tourist equipment - various things for cooking, sleeping, making fire and orienteering
⠀⠀⠀Sleeping gear - a camping mat + sleeping bag, a blanket, a tent or a tent. Instead of a sleeping bag, you can take a set of winter clothes on sendepom jacket pants.
⠀⠀Food accessories - a wok, a mug, a bowl, a spoon Preferably all metal.
⠀⠀⠀Knife - Better hunting, you can kitchen in extreme case folding.
⠀⠀⠀Tools - mini spatula, hatchet.
⠀⠀⠀A compass - any one
⠀⠀⠀Map - topographical map, but a car atlas will do in case of emergency.
⠀⠀⠀Matches, lighter - 5 pieces separately packed each in cellophane.
⠀⠀5 Weapons - if you have firearms air guns and ammunition for them.
⠀⠀6 Repair Kit - Small things to repair. A piece of knitting wire, glue, thread, a blade, a piece of thick polyethylene, a large and small needle. ⠀⠀7 First aid kit - the kit below is standard for long hiking trips*. But it has increased: number of bandages, cold remedies, antibiotics, painkillers, disinfectants and intestines.
iodine (5% alcohol solution) 5 fl.
Briliant green (5% alcohol solution) 2 fl.
hydrogen peroxide 2 fl.
absorbent cotton (Amelia 100 g.) 3 pack.
Cotton swabs (100 pcs.) 100 pcs.
Sterile medical bandage (5 m X 10 cm) 10 pcs.
Non-sterile medical bandage (5 m X 10 cm) 10 pcs.
non-sterile medical tubular elastic bandage (No. 1) 4 pcs.
non-sterile medical tubular elastic bandage (No. 3) 4 pcs.
non-sterile medical tubular elastic bandage (No. 6) 4 pcs. bactericidal bandage 100 pcs.
Band-aid (5 m X 1 cm) 2 pcs.
Band-Aid (5 m X 3 cm) 2 pcs.
Band-Aid (5 m X 5 cm) 2 pcs.
hemostatic tourniquet 1 pc.
Thermodynamic bags 10 pcs. (hypothermic)
Antiseptic alcohol wipe (14 X18) 10 pcs.
Disposable syringe 5ml, with needle 6 pcs.
Medical gloves 4 p.
Metamizole (10t. 0.5g.) 5 pack.
No-spa (40mg. No. 20) 5 pack.
Antibiotic tablets any 10up.
Activated charcoal 10 pack. - for poisoning
Levomycetin 2 units → or Polymyxin-M.
Orthofen 2.5% in 3ml. 4 amp. - analgesic
Aspirin 10 pack. - anti-inflammatory
Validol 5 pack. - cardiac
Nitroglycerin (tablets) 4 pack. - cardiac
Corvalol 2 fl. - remedy for stress reactions
Suprastin 5 pack. - anti-allergic drug
Taufon (drops for foreign bodies) 2 pcs.
Albucid (sulfacil sodium 20%) 2 pcs.
Troxevasin 2 t. - Ointment Prednisolone 2 t. (ointment for snake bites, apply to the site of the bite)
Olazol (aerosol) 2 f. - for burns.
Tablets for disinfection of water 10 pack. + thermometer medical, , blade from a safety razor, small scissors
8 Useful things - a list of very useful things.
⠀⠀Radio receiver - a means of learning the news, the smaller it will be the better, preferably with headphones to save batteries.
⠀⠀⠀ Magnifying glass - To get a splinter and light a fire.
⠀⠀⠀The radio is a civilian radio ⠀
⠀⠀⠀Fishing kit - (Line, hooks, sinkers, float is not necessary, it can be easily replaced)
⠀⠀⠀Binoculars or monoculars ⠀⠀⠀9 Food - A list of food for two weeks.
⠀⠀⠀The main product Cereal 5 kg is better Buckwheat, but rice, millet, oatmeal will do. The caloric value of cereal fluctuates somewhere around 350 kcal. An adult needs from 1500 to 2500 kcal per day, depending on the load.
⠀⠀ Nuts and dried fruits 1 -2 kg are additional sources of vitamins and microelements
⠀⠀⠀Flour 1 kilogram - High calorie only due to carbohydrates, recommended in the form of fried cakes, in case of high loads.
⠀⠀⠀Cured meat lard, hard cheese in wax, in extreme cases canned food. 2kg (note that canned food is much heavier and 2kg will be enough for a much shorter period of time)
⠀⠀Tea\coffee, will come in handy and brighten up your time, also useful as a tonic.
⠀⠀⠀Cacao sweet instant is a great dope when overworked.
⠀⠀⠀Salt 0.5kg - an excellent means of preparing food in advance
⠀⠀⠀Spices - To brighten up your monotonous diet I recommend cinnamon pepper.
⠀⠀⠀Citric acid - if its solution washed food, it will be stored longer.
⠀⠀Everything you can take away from the food and that won't go to waste in the first three days to supplement your diet.
⠀⠀⠀Five liters of water.
⠀⠀⠀And so here are things, but where to run, it all depends on the situation if it is local, to the nearest relatives, friends in another city or in the forest to the river that would wait out if there is a chance of return. If everything is global, then as far as possible from the source of the problem in the wilderness.
There are several ways to leave the city, the best in advance.
⠀⠀With other refugees, dress casually, put your cool hiking backpack in a potato sack and attach a couple of ropes to it, wear old clothes over it, and get dirty. This way you will attract less attention and less desire to take anything away from you. At the first opportunity to separate from the crowd and go in the direction you want ⠀⠀⠀Secretly, it is better to dress as well, and on the backpack to make a cover from a bag, then think over the route to the exit from the city through little noticeable unattended objects, ravine, ravine, overgrown parks, along overgrown rivers, through the private sector or vegetable gardens, collective farms.
Chapter 3: Features of an emergency
⠀⠀ Chemical and nuclear accidents DESCRIPTION OF GASES
CHLOR is, under normal conditions, a yellow-green colored gas with a pungent irritating specific odor. At normal pressure it solidifies at 101°C and liquefies at 34°C. It is about 2.5 times heavier than air. As a consequence, it floats on the ground, accumulates in lowlands, cellars, wells, tunnels. When released into the atmosphere it smokes, infects water bodies. Affects the lungs, irritates mucous membranes and skin. The first signs of poisoning sharp pain in the back of the chest, carving in the eyes, lacrimation, dry cough, vomiting, lack of coordination, shortness of breath. Contact with chlorine vapor causes burns of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, eyes, skin. Exposure for 30 60 min at a concentration of 100 200 mg/m3 is life-threatening. If still affected by chlorine, the victim is immediately taken to fresh air, warmly covered and given to breathe vapors of alcohol or vodka. In chlorine lesions, to alleviate irritation of the respiratory tract, should be given to inhale an aerosol of 0.5% solution of baking soda. It is also useful to inhale oxygen. Skin and mucous membranes should be washed with 2% baking soda solution for at least 15 minutes. Because of the suffocating effect of chlorine, the victim can not move independently. He should be transported only in a supine position. If the person has stopped breathing, it is necessary to immediately make artificial respiration by the method "mouth to mouth".
AMMIAK - under normal conditions a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor ("ammonia spirit"), almost twice as light as air. It smokes when released into the atmosphere. At normal pressure it solidifies at -78°C and liquefies at -34°C. Forms explosive mixtures with air in the range of 15 28 volume percent. Causes damage to the respiratory tract. Signs: runny nose, cough, difficulty breathing, suffocation, increased heart rate, increased pulse rate. Vapors strongly irritate mucous membranes and skin, cause burning, redness and itching of the skin, carving in the eyes, lacrimation. When liquid ammonia and its solutions come into contact with the skin, frostbite, burning, possible burns with blisters, ulceration. If affected by ammonia still occurred, you should immediately take the victim out into fresh air. Transportation should be in a supine position. It is necessary to provide warmth and rest, give moistened oxygen. In case of pulmonary edema artificial respiration should not be done. ATTENTION AMMONIA VAPORS ARE NOT FILTERED BY GAS MASKS. In ammonia lesions, the victim should breathe warm water vapors of 10% menthol solution in chloroform, give warm milk with borjomi or soda. In suffocation requires oxygen, with spasm of the vocal cleft heat on the neck area, warm water inhalation. If there is pulmonary edema, artificial respiration should not be done. Wash mucous membranes and eyes for at least 15 minutes with water or 2% solution of boric acid. Pump 2-3 drops of 30% albucid solution into the eyes, warm olive, peach or vaseline oil into the nose. If the skin is affected, doused with clean water, apply lotions of 5% solution of acetic, citric or hydrochloric acid.
BLUE acid is hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen cyanide is a colorless transparent liquid. It has a peculiar stupefying odor resembling the smell of bitter almonds. Melting point -13.3°C, boiling point +25.7°C. At ordinary temperature it is very volatile. Its drops in the air quickly evaporate: in summer within 5 min, in winter about 1 h. It mixes with water in all respects, easily dissolves in alcohols, gasoline. Poisoning occurs regardless of exposure. The means of first aid in gastric poisoning with hydrocyanic acid and its salts is a possible rapid excitation of vomiting and ingestion of 1% solution of sodium hyposulfite
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas with a pungent unpleasant odor. It liquefies at a temperature of 60.3°C. Density under normal conditions is about 1.7, i.e. more than one and a half times heavier than air. Therefore, in case of accidents it accumulates in lowlands, basements, tunnels, first floors of buildings. Hydrogen sulfide is dangerous when inhaled, irritates the skin and mucous membranes The first signs of poisoning: headache, lacrimation, photophobia, burning in the eyes, metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, cold sweat. For disinfection use milk of lime, soda or caustic solution. In case of hydrogen sulfide lesion directly in the contamination zone abundantly rinse eyes and face with water, put on a gas mask or cotton-gauze dressing moistened with soda solution and immediately leave the area of the accident. Behind the contamination zone, the affected person is removed from the gas mask, freed from the clothes constricting breathing, warmed, given warm drink (milk with soda, tea), and rest. The eyes are injected with 2-3 drops of 0.5% solution of 0.5% dicaine or 1% solution of novocaine with adrenaline, then apply lotions with 3% solution of boric acid. If possible, the patient is placed in a dark room or put on him light-protective glasses. Oxygen inhalation is carried out, in case of respiratory arrest, artificial ventilation is mandatory. It should be remembered that oxygen, especially applied under pressure, or pure oxygen at normal pressure can lead to the development of pulmonary edema. Therefore, it is preferable to give for inhalation oxygen-air mixture with oxygen content not less, but not more than 50 60%.
ACCIDENT AT A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT RADIOACTIVE GAS RELEASE
Isolate, if possible, the dwelling from direct inflow of outside, street air (tightly close doors, shutters, close ventilation grilles (not to provoke air suction from outside), close stove vents, glue gaps in window frames. Make a supply of drinking water (in canisters, buckets with lids, etc.). Put foodstuffs in plastic bags, double bags if possible. "Isolate", protect ourselves from direct contact with the environment, prepare means for this, especially in case of evacuation. We act thoughtfully. We use all means at hand, remembering that additional clothing with sealed cuffs, gloves and rubber boots reduce contamination of the skin of the body. Pay special attention to respiratory protection. Characteristics of household items that can be used for this purpose as simple respirators (air-filtering protective bandages covering the mouth and nose) are presented in the table below
Table
Effectiveness of household items used for emergency respiratory protection
An assessment of the types of radiation exposure shows that the main contribution to the dose to the population at the first stage after a radiation accident (from 0.5 h to 1 day) is the intake of radioactive substances with inhaled air (mainly iodine radionuclides). According to this estimate, the whole body external dose from a passing radioactive cloud on the ground would be about 100 times less than the thyroid dose from inhalation of radioiodine. The thyroid dose is significantly reduced by prophylactic ingestion of stable iodine preparations. If you do not have iodine-containing products, you can prepare them from ordinary pharmacy iodine for this 3-4 drops dilute in a glass of milk or a glass of water with a small amount of starch. ATTENTION: INGESTION OF ALCOHOLIC IODINE SOLUTION MAY CAUSE STOMACH BURN AND POISONING.
Next, determine the wind direction and move perpendicular to it as quickly as possible. It is better to carry children in your arms so they will receive less dose from the ground.
DOSAGE IN X-RAYS
ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT
1 Filtering devices (gas mask respirator)
2 portable gas analyser
3 dosimeter
Flooding
The risk of flooding in low-lying areas occurs when dams, levees and hydroelectric installations fail. The immediate danger is the swift and powerful flow of water causing damage, inundation and destruction of buildings and structures. Public casualties and various disturbances occur due to the great speed and sweeping away everything in its path by the huge amount of running water. The height and speed of the breaking wave depend on the size of the destruction of the hydraulic structure and the height difference between the upstream and downstream areas. For flat areas, the speed of the breakthrough wave varies from 3 to 25 km/h, in mountainous areas it reaches up to 100 km/h. Significant areas of terrain are usually flooded with a layer of water from 0.5 to 10 metres thick and more after 15 to 30 minutes. The time during which areas may be under water varies from several hours to several days.
⠀⠀Find a watercraft and move towards the upland area.
⠀⠀ It is better to approach a drowning person from the back. When approaching, take him/her by the head, shoulders, arms, arms, collar, turn him/her face up and swim to the shore, working with the free hand and legs.
If there is a boat, approach the person in distress against the current, in windy weather against the wind and water flow. It is best to pull a person out of the water from the stern side. Once the person has been brought ashore, immediately start first aid.
Global fire
⠀⠀Move not only along roads, but also along rivers and streams, and sometimes along the water itself. It is desirable to cover the mouth and nose with a wet cotton-gauze bandage, handkerchief or towel. It is necessary to move not from the fire, but at an angle of 90-60 degrees to the direction from the fire otherwise it will still catch up with you.
Strong hurricane
The weather service usually issues a storm warning several hours in advance. You should close doors, attics, and skylights. Glasses should be sealed with strips of paper or cloth. From balconies, loggias, window sills remove things that can injure people if they fall. Switch off the gas. Prepare emergency lighting lanterns, candles. Keep radios and televisions switched on: they can transmit various messages and orders. Move people from lightweight structures to sturdy buildings. Beware of injury from glass and other flying objects. If you find yourself in an open area, it is best to take shelter in a ditch, pit, ravine, or any excavation: lie on the bottom and press tightly against the ground.
Earthquake
If the first tremors caught you at home (on the ground floor), you should immediately take your children and run outside as soon as possible. You have no more than 15 - 20 seconds at your disposal. For those who are on the second and subsequent floors, stand in doorways and balconies, opening the doors and holding the child against you. Or in order not to be injured by pieces of plaster, glass, crockery, paintings, lamps, hide under a table, bed, in a wardrobe, covering your face with your hands. You can use the corners formed by capital walls, narrow corridors inside the building, stand near the supporting columns, as these places are the strongest. Here you have a better chance of remaining unharmed. Never jump from windows or balconies. As soon as the shocks stop, immediately go outside, away from the building, to a free area. It is strictly forbidden to use the lift. as in the street, immediately move further away from buildings, structures, fences and poles they may fall and crush you. Remember, the first shock may be followed by repeated shocks. Be prepared yourself and warn those around you. This can be expected in a few hours and sometimes even days. Stay away from businesses that have flammable, explosive, or chemically hazardous substances. Do not stand on bridges. Do not touch wires, they may be energised. At the moment of destruction, flying bricks, glass, cornices, decorations, road signs, poles are also dangerous. Earthquakes are almost always accompanied by fires caused by gas leaks or shorted electrical wires.
Nuclear explosion
BRIEFLY ABOUT THE MAIN PARASITIC EFFECTS OF A NUCLEAR EXPLOSION THERMAL RADIATION.
The source of the SI (Light Radiation) is the luminous area of the explosion, consisting of vapour and air heated to a high temperature. The SI propagates almost instantaneously and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear weapon (20-40 seconds). However, despite the short duration of its impact, the effectiveness of the SI is very high. The SI is 35% of the total power of a nuclear explosion. The energy of light radiation is absorbed by the surfaces of illuminated bodies, which are heated.
The heating temperature can be such that the surface of the object is charred, melted, ignited or the object is vaporised. The brightness of light radiation is much stronger than that of the sun, and the resulting fireball from a nuclear explosion is visible for hundreds of kilometres
The only way to protect yourself is to stay in the shade during the explosion relative to the flash of the explosion and not look at it.
⠀⠀
PENETRATING RADIATION
Penetrating radiation is not uniform. The positively charged component is called alpha rays, the negatively charged component is called beta rays, and the neutral component is called gamma rays. The nuclear explosion flux is a flux of alpha, beta, gamma rays and neutrons. The neutron flux results from the fission of nuclei of radioactive elements. Alpha rays are a flux of alpha particles (twice ionised helium atoms), beta rays are a flux of fast electrons or positrons, gamma rays are photon (electromagnetic) radiation, not different in nature and properties from X-rays. When penetrating radiation passes through any medium, its effect is weakened. Radiation of different types have different effects on the body, which is explained by their different ionising capacity. So alpha-radiation, which are heavy charged particles, have the greatest ionising power. But their energy, due to ionisation, decreases rapidly. Therefore, alpha-radiation is not able to penetrate through the outer (horny) layer of the skin and does not pose a danger to humans as long as the substances emitting alpha-particles do not get inside the body. Beta particles on their way collide with neutral molecules less often, so their ionising power is less than that of alpha radiation. The loss of energy is slower and the penetrating power in the tissues of the body is greater (1-2 cm). Beta-radiation is dangerous for humans, especially when radioactive substances come into contact with the skin or inside the body. Gamma radiation has a relatively small ionising activity, but due to its very high penetrating power it is very dangerous for humans.
⠀⠀ Neutrons and gamma quanta appearing within the first minute after the explosion are usually referred to as penetrating radiation. This definition is due to the fact that in a time of about one minute the explosion cloud has time to rise to a height sufficient to make the radiation flux on the surface practically invisible. The intensity of the penetrating radiation flux and the distance over which it can cause significant damage depend on the power of the explosive device and its design. The radiation dose received at a distance of about 3 km from the epicentre of a 1 Mt thermonuclear explosion is sufficient to cause serious biological changes in the human body.
⠀⠀ A nuclear explosive device may be specially designed to increase the damage caused by penetrating radiation compared to the damage caused by other effects (so-called neutron weapons).
⠀⠀The attenuating effect of a PR is usually characterised by the half attenuation layer, i.e. the thickness of the material through which the PR is halved. Thus, the following materials weaken the PR twice: Lead - 1.8 cm 4. Ground, brick - 14 cm Steel - 2.8 cm 5. Water - 23 cm Concrete - 10 cm 6. Wood - 30 cm. Special protective structures - shelters - fully protect a person from the impact of PR.
Partial protection is provided by PRPs (house basements, underground passages, caves, mine workings) and quickly built by the population overlapped protective structures (slits).
The most reliable shelter for the population is metro stations. Anti-radiation preparations from AI-2 - radioprotective agents No. 1 and No. 2 - play an important role in protecting the population from PRs
ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE
⠀⠀⠀⠀Nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and in higher layers lead to the formation of powerful electromagnetic fields with wavelengths from 1 to 1000 metres or more. These fields are called electromagnetic pulse (EMP) due to their short-term existence. Electromagnetic pulse occurs as a result of an explosion and at low altitudes, but the strength of the electromagnetic field in this case rapidly decreases with distance from the epicentre. In the case of a high-altitude explosion, the area of action of the electromagnetic pulse covers almost the entire surface of the Earth visible from the point of explosion. The destructive effect of EMP is caused by the occurrence of voltages and currents in conductors of various lengths located in the air, ground, in radio-electronic and radio-technical equipment. EMI in the above equipment induces electric currents and voltages that cause insulation breakdown, damage to transformers, burning of arresters, semiconductor devices, burning of fusible links. The most exposed to EMI are communication, signalling and control lines of missile launch complexes and command centres.
Protection against EMI is carried out by shielding control and power supply lines and replacing fusible links (fuses) of these lines. EMP is 1 per cent of the yield of a nuclear warhead.
SHOCK WAVE
⠀⠀This is the main destructive factor of a nuclear explosion, which causes destruction, damage to buildings and structures, and affects people and animals. The source of the HC is the strong pressure generated at the centre of the explosion (billions of atmospheres). The glowing gases formed in the explosion, rapidly expanding, transfer pressure to neighbouring layers of air, compressing and heating them, and those in turn affect the next layers, etc. As a result, a high-pressure zone spreads in the air at supersonic speed in all directions from the centre of the explosion. Means of defence against the shock wave are folds of terrain or basement objects of man-made nature
RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT
Falling as black rain or white-grey ash, the zone of lethal contamination (for persons exposed continuously for up to 4 days) extends several hundred kilometres downwind and covers an area of about 5000 km2 . Strontium-89 and strontium-90, caesium-137, iodine-127 and iodine-131 and other radioactive isotopes deposited on the surface of the earth are incorporated into the general cycle of substances and penetrate into living organisms. Strontium-90 and iodine-131, as well as plutonium and uranium, which are able to concentrate in certain parts of the body, are particularly dangerous. Scientists have found that strontium-89 and strontium-90 are mainly concentrated in bone tissue, iodine - in the thyroid gland, plutonium and uranium - in the liver, etc. The greatest degree of contamination is observed in the immediate areas of the footprint. As one moves away from the centre of the explosion along the axis of the trace, the degree of contamination decreases. The trace of a radioactive cloud is conventionally divided into zones of moderate, strong and dangerous contamination. In the SI system, radionuclide activity is measured in Becquerels (Bq) and is equal to one decay per second. As the time elapsed after the explosion increases, the activity of fission fragments drops rapidly (after 7 hours by a factor of 10, after 49 hours by a factor of 100). Zone A - moderate contamination - from 40 to 400 rem. Zone B - severe contamination - from 400 to 1200 rem. Zone C - dangerous contamination - from 1200 to 4000 rem. Zone D - extremely dangerous contamination - from 4000 to 7000 rem. The zone of moderate contamination is the largest in size. Within its limits the population in the open area may receive light radiation injuries in the first day after the explosion. The danger for people and animals is higher in the zone of heavy contamination. Here heavy radiation injuries are possible even during several hours of stay in the open area, especially in the first day. The zone of dangerous contamination has the highest radiation levels. Even at its border, the total radiation dose for the time of complete decay of radioactive substances reaches 1200 p, and the radiation level in 1 hour after the explosion is 240 p/hour. In the first day after contamination, the total dose at the boundary of this zone is about 600 p, i.e. it is practically lethal. Although the doses then decrease, it is dangerous for people to stay outside shelters in this area for a very long time.
⠀⠀To protect yourself, you should immediately protect your respiratory organs (radioactive dust from inside is dozens of times more dangerous), then take preparations containing iodine and calcium (the fact is that the body does not digest excess of these elements and if you do get isotopes, they will not remain in the body, but will come out naturally). After that it is required. Find a shelter for 2-4 weeks depending on the proximity (during this time the level of radiation will fall in tens of times) and then you can more safely leave the zone. Stock up on water, food, medicines, hermetically packaged, make sure the room is sealed and install filters on the ventilation. Thoroughly clean dust and other particles from your clothes and throw away rubbish.
⠀⠀ After an interval of time, carefully cover yourself with clothing and be sure to protect your respiratory organs and move away from the area of contamination.
⠀⠀ It is recommended to use a dosimeter. Please note that the background is measured at the ground, and it is better to carry children in your arms, as their organs are closer to the ground, i.e. to the source of radiation.
Warfare :)
Imagine that one day you woke up to the sound of engines and the clanking tracks of military vehicles entering your town. Of course, you leaned out of the open window or even jumped out into the street to watch the improvised night parade. It was a waste. And even more so, you shouldn't have gone out. You don't know what the soldiers are marching through the streets for. And you don't know how they'd feel about casual observers. Maybe they have orders to shoot at suspicious civilians and suspicious windows. Your windows. Your faces.
⠀⠀ It's especially dangerous to try to film troops on the march with video and cameras. The insurgents do not like their faces to be recorded on film and, unable to stop filming in any other way, may shoot at the hapless cameraman. And hit... Well, let them not even shoot. Even if the military are peace-loving, the streets become much more dangerous after they enter the city. Armoured vehicles are poorly adapted for moving in the narrow spaces of streets, drivers have limited visibility, tracks slip on the pavement, and it may happen that your dangerously advanced figure on the road will not be seen and will be hit by a tractor. Or the patrol doesn't like you. For example, by not liking you. Also, random gunfire, explosions, and forceful abuse of civilians are not impossible in a cluster of troops.
For all these reasons, in a city that has been occupied by troops, it is best to go out as little as possible. Especially young women in miniskirts and cleavage. Soldiers, who are very hungry for female companionship, should not show off their civilian charms.
⠀⠀In general, it is better for girls to dress up as boys
It is even more important than women to keep children at home (!)! The experience of all wars shows that children in near-combat conditions are the first to die. Because of curiosity. Because they run to where they are shooting and get hit by a stray shot. Climbing on armoured vehicles and falling under the tracks. Looking for and, most importantly, finding unexploded ammunition. Which they blow up. Often in their hands
In an "occupied" city it is better to move on foot. It is much more dangerous by car. You can collide with an APC and scratch its fender. with your smashed-up Zhiguli. And pay for causing material damage to the army's property. Because the rules of armoured road traffic have only one point - "He who drives a tank is right". Even if he drives on red. And a subparagraph - "He who drives a heavier tank is more right".
And forget about the Constitution, the Criminal Code, civil rights and other such nonsense. Remember only the commandant's orders. They're a hundred times more important to you. And don't get into political discussions with the patrols. They'll have ten for your argument... in the clip of a gun.
⠀⠀ It's advisable to pretend to be a refugee and get away. As far away as possible. Yes, in this case, weapons and all military and tactical equipment should be hidden away and don't wear camouflage. crowd riots, popular unrest
Epidemic
⠀⠀Diseases and epidemics have been and remain a major cause of mortality. Their nature and degree of danger can vary depending on the standard of living of the population (including the level of health care), the local ecology, climatic conditions, people's lifestyles and many other factors.
⠀⠀You should learn as much as possible about the disease and protect yourself against it accordingly. Eyes respiratory organs skin, if the city is not declared quarantine, then get away urgently, if already declared, then isolate as much as possible.
⠀⠀⠀⠀Be aware that the main thing for the state is to stop the spread, not to save you.
Mass unrest
⠀⠀As a rule, they do not last long, or they will either develop into a revolution or something similar, or they will subside.
⠀⠀⠀Stay away from any crowds and hide anything of value in a cellar somewhere. Leave the city for a long time is unlikely to have to, but if possible to remove yourself and loved ones from it is worth it, follow the news through your receiver and you will know when to return.