Metagenomics in the Era of Next Generation Sequencing
While traditional microbiology and microbial genome sequencing and genomics rely upon cultivated clonal cultures, early environmental gene sequencing cloned specific genes (often the 16S rRNA gene) to produce a profile of diversity in a natural sample. Such work revealed that the vast majority of microbial biodiversity had been missed by cultivation-based methods.
Because of its ability to reveal the previously hidden diversity of microscopic life, metagenomics offers a powerful lens for viewing the microbial world that has the potential to revolutionize understanding of the entire living world.As the price of DNA sequencing continues to fall, metagenomics now allows microbial ecology to be investigated at a much greater scale and detail than before. Recent studies use either "shotgun" or PCR directed sequencing to get largely unbiased samples of all genes from all the members of the sampled communities.
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Metagenomics helps to identify microorganism irrespective of whether they can be cultured or not. The analysis can be done from the genomic data obtained directly from an environmental sample that provides information about the species existing and it also allow the extraction of information regarding the functionality of microbial communities in their natural habitat. In addition, the metagenomics also holds the capabilities in the food and pharmaceutical industries. For instance, metagenomics can be useful for the identification of enzymes with desirable technological properties. This enables to relate the capable of catalyzing novel reactions which may be difficult or expensive to produce. Moreover, it enables to identify the functions under a wide range of environmental conditions encountered in food and pharmaceutical processing cycles including extreme conditions of temperature, pH, osmolarity and others.
Furthermore, the biotechnological applications from metagenomics is likely to foster by the pursuit of fundamental ecological studies and focused screens for bioprospecting. Metagenomics has contributed to the discovery of antibiotics and industrial enzymes from cultured microorganisms. For instance, the discovery of streptomycin and other bacterial antibiotics bounced from very basic studies of metagenomics. Therefore, owing to the advantages of the metagenomics for the application in biotechnologies are likely to boost the growth of the metagenomics market in the forecast years.
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Source: smartmarketnews.com