Metabolomics Bioinformatics Analysis
Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the small molecule substrates, intermediates and products of metabolism. Specifically, metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind", the study of their small-molecule metabolite profiles.The metabolome represents the complete set of metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ or organism, which are the end products of cellular processes.
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mRNA gene expression data and proteomic analyses reveal the set of gene products being produced in the cell, data that represents one aspect of cellular function. Conversely, metabolic profiling can give an instantaneous snapshot of the physiology of that cell, and thus, metabolomics provides a direct "functional readout of the physiological state" of an organism.[3] One of the challenges of systems biology and functional genomics is to integrate genomics, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic information to provide a better understanding of cellular biology.
Clinical Metabolomics
Metabolomic disturbances have been associated with many human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Metabolomics provides a link between metabolic pathways and the upstream genome that governs them. With the advances in analytical technologies, metabolomics is becoming a powerful tool for identifying diagnostic biomarkers of diseases, elucidating the pathological mechanisms, discovering novel drug targets, predicting drug responses, interpreting the mechanisms of drug action, as well as enabling precision treatment of patients.
Metabolites
Metabolites are the substrates, intermediates and products of metabolism. Within the context of metabolomics, a metabolite is usually defined as any molecule less than 1.5 kDa in size.] However, there are exceptions to this depending on the sample and detection method. For example, macromolecules such as lipoproteins and albumin are reliably detected in NMR-based metabolomics studies of blood plasma. In plant-based metabolomics, it is common to refer to "primary" and "secondary" metabolites. A primary metabolite is directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction. A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has important ecological function.
Metabonomics
Metabonomics is defined as "the quantitative measurement of the dynamic multiparametric metabolic response of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli or genetic modification". The word origin is from the Greek μεταβολή meaning change and nomos meaning a rule set or set of laws.
Exometabolomics
Exometabolomics, or "metabolic footprinting", is the study of extracellular metabolites. It uses many techniques from other subfields of metabolomics, and has applications in biofuel development, bioprocessing, determining drugs' mechanism of action, and studying intercellular interactions.
Metabolomics is also the study of small molecules which resides in cells, biofluids, and tissues. The studies are extensively conducted with an aim to analyze biochemical activities of these small molecules and their interactions with biological systems. Metabolomics has wide variety of applications in disease diagnosis, drug discovery, enzyme discovery, and others.
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